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Section 1 - Intro to Optimal Hormone Replacement Therapy and Literature Review

Seidman SN. The therapeutic uses of hormones in psychiatry. Psychiatric Annals. 2000;30(2):1-76.

Zarrouf FA, Artz S, Griffith J, et al. Testosterone and depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Pract. 2009 Jul;15(4):289-305.

Biomedicina. 2000 Jan; 3(1):6-7. Brains, hormones and more behind women's aging. Vitiello MV. Effective treatments for age-related sleep disturbances. Geriatrics.

1999 Nov;54(11):47-52.
Action of the AMA House of Delegates 2009 Annual Meeting: Council on Science and Public Health Report. The use of hormones for "antiaging": A review of efficacy and safety. Report 5 of the council on science and public health (A-09). 2009:1-17.

Zyprexa case costs lily 1.4 billion. Similar article can be found at http://www.ibj.corn/lilly-settles-zyprexa-marketing-suit-for-14- billion/PARAMS/article/32981

Gotherstrom G, Bengtsson BA, Bosaeus I, et al. A 10-year, prospective study of the metabolic effects of growth hormone replacement in adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Apr;92(4):1442-1445.

Gotherstrom G, Elbomsson M, Stibrant-Sunnerhagen K, et al. Ten years of growth hormone (GH) replacement normalizes muscle strength in OH-deficient adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Mar;94(3):809-816.

Sattler FR, Castaneda-Sceppa C, Binder EF, et al. Testosterone and growth hormone improve body composition and muscle performance in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jun;94(6):1991-2001.

Wiren L, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G. Beneficial effects oflong-term GH replacement therapy on quality of life in adults with GH deficiency. Clin Endocrinol. 1998 May;48(5):613-620.

Barclay L. Growth Hormone Reduces Weight, Fat Mass But Not Lean Body Mass. Medscape. 2004 Feb 26.

Mayes JS, Watson GH. Direct effects of sex steroid hormones on adipose tissues and obesity. Obes Rev. 2004 Nov;5(4):197-216.

OHSU Researchers Uncover Cause, Possible Treatment For Abdominal Fat In

Postmenopausal Women. Oregon Health & Science University. 2005 June 11.

Villareal DT, Holloszy JO. Effect of DHEA on abdominal fat and insulin action in elderly women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Nov
10;292( 18):2243-2248.
Marin P. Testosterone and regional fat distribution. Obesity Res. 1995 Nov;3(4):609S-612S.

Marin P, Holmang S, Jonsson L, et al. The effects of testosterone treatment on body composition and metabolism in middle-aged obese men. Int J Obes Re/at Metab Disord. 1992 Dec;16(12):991-997.

Maggio M, Lauretani F, Ceda GP, et al. Relationship between low levels of anabolic hormones and 6-year mortality in older men: the aging in the Chianti Area (InCHIANTI) study. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Nov 12;167(20):2249-2254.

Ginsberg TB, Cavalieri TA. Androgen deficiency in the aging male: The beginning, the middle, and the ongoing. Clinical Geriatrics. 2008 April:25-28.

Shores MM, Matsumoto AM, Sloan KL, et al. Low serum testosterone and mortality in male veterans. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Aug 14-28;166(15):1660-1665.

Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E, Bergstrom J. Low serum testosterone and mortality in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jan;93(1):68-75.

Khaw KT, Dowsett M, Folkerd E, et al. Endogenous testosterone and mortality due to all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in men: European prospective investigation into cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) Prospective Population Study.

Circulation. 2007 Dec 4;116(23):2694-701.
Maggio M, Lauretani F, Ceda GP, et al. Relationship between low levels of anabolic hormones and 6-year mortality in older men: the aging in the Chianti Area (InCHIANTI) study. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Nov 12;167(20):2249-54.

Hak AE, Witteman JC, de Jong FH, et al. Low levels of endogenous androgens increase the risk of atherosclerosis in elderly men: the Rotterdam study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Aug;87(8):3632-3639.

Labrie F, Luu-The V, Labrie C, et al. Endocrine and intracrine sources of androgens in women: inhibition of breast cancer and other roles of androgens and their precursor dehydroepiandrosterone. Endocr Rev. 2003 Apr;24(2):152-182.

Krapf JM, Simon JA. The role of testosterone in the management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2009 Jul 20;63(3):213-9.

Fitzpatrick LA, Pace C, Wiita B. Comparison of regimens containing oral micronized progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate on quality of life in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional survey. J Womens Health Gend Based Med.

2000 May;9(4):381-7.
Ryan N, Rosner A. Quality of life and costs associated with micronized progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate in hormone replacement therapy for nonhysterectomized, postmenopausal women. Clin Ther. 2001 Jul;23(7):1099-1115.
Guay AT. Advances in the management of androgen deficiency in women. Med Asp Hum Sex. 2001;1:32-38.
Garrison RL, Breeding PC. A metabolic basis for fibromyalgia and its related disorders: the possible role ofresistance to thyroid hormone. Med Hypotheses. 2003 Aug;61(2):182-189.

Brunk D. How much testosterone needed to enhance women's sexual desire?

Family Practice News. 2000 Nov 15.
Christ ER, Carroll PV, Russell-Jones DL, Sonk:sen PH. The consequences of growth hormone deficiency in adulthood, and the effects of growth hormone replacement.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1997 Aug 30;127(35):1440-1449.

Hallegua DS. Managing fibromyalgia: A comprehensive approach -- Drug therapy addresses core symptoms, pain initiators, associated syndromes. The J of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2005 Aug 1.

Braunstein GD. Androgen insufficiency in women. Growth Horm JGF Res. 2006 Jul;16 Suppl A:S109-Sl 17.
Kotz K, Alexander JL, Dennerstein L. Estrogen and androgen hormone therapy and well-being in surgically postmenopausal women. J Womens Health. 2006 Oct;15(8):898-908.

Pope HG Jr, Cobane GH, Kanayama G, et al. Testosterone gel supplementation for men with refractory depression: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Jan;160(1):105-111.

Almeida OP, Yeap BB, et al. Low free testosterone concentration as a potentially treatable cause of depressive symptoms in older men. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008 Mar;65(3):283-289.

Schmidt PJ, Daly RC, Bloch M, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone monotherapy in midlife­ onset major and minor depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;62(2): 154-
162.

Cooper-Kazaz R, Apter JT, Cohen R, et al. Combined treatment with sertraline and liothyronine in major depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;64(6):679-688.

Freeman EW. Associations of depression with the transition to menopause.

Menopause. 2010 Jul;17(4):823-827.

Muller M, Aleman A, Grobbee DE, et al. Endogenous sex hormone levels and cognitive function in aging men: is there an optimal level? Neurology. 2005 Mar 8;64(5):866-871.

Davis SR, Shah SM, McKenzie DP, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels are associated with more favorable cognitive function in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Mar;93(3):801-808.
Shifren, Jan L. MD1; Davis, Susan R. MD2; Moreau, Michele MD3; et al. Testosterone patch for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in naturally menopausal women: results from the INTIMATE NMl Study. Menopause. 2006 September/October 2006;13(5):770-779.

Fukui M, Kitagawa Y, Nakamura N, et al. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentration and carotid atherosclerosis in men with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2005 Aug;18;1(2):339-344.

Kapoor D, Goodwin E, Channer KS. Testosterone replacement therapy improves insulin resistance, glycaemic control, visceral adiposity and hypercholesterolaemia in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Jun;154(6):899-906.

Morley, John E. Male menopause is underdiagnosed and undertreated. Medical Crossfire. 2001 Jan;3(1).

Morley, John E. Male menopause is underdiagnosed and undertreated. Medical Crossfire. 2001 Jan;3(1).

Morley, John E. Male menopause is underdiagnosed and undertreated. Medical Crossfire. 2001 Jan;3(1).

Rice D, Brannigan RE, Campbell RK, et al. Men's health, low testosterone, and diabetes: individualized treatment and a multidisciplinary approach. Diabetes Educ. 2008
Nov-Dec;34(5):97S-l 12S.

Karim R, Mack WJ, Lobo RA, et al. Determinants of the effect of estrogen on the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial. Menopause. 2005 Jul-Aug;l2(4):366-373.
Gambrell RD. Menopause. In: Rakel RE, Bope ET, eds. Conn's Current Therapy.

2004. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2004.
Zandi PP, Carlson MC, Plassman BL, et al. Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of Alzheimer disease in older women: The Cache County Study. JAMA. 2002 Nov 6;288(17):2123-2129.

Biomedicina. 2000 Jan;3(1):6-7. (unable to find full article title)

The Female Patient. 2000 Nov. (Couldn't find full reference) Shomon M. Is Your Hypothyroidism UNDERtreated? 2005 Aug 31.

http://thyroid.about.com/cs/hypothyroidism/a/undertreated.htm. Accessed December
2012.

Friedman T. Hypothyroidism Diagnosis and Treatment, with Ted Friedman, MD
2006 January 6. http://thyroid.about.com/cs/hashimotos/a/tedfriedman_2.htm. Accessed
December 2012.
Kedziora-Komatowska K, Beszczynska-Oles R, Komatowski T, Szadujkis- Szadurski
L. The analysis of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate concentration in elderly age women depending on coexisting disease states. Adv Med Sci. 2007;52(1):126-130.

Genazzani AR, Pluchino N, Begliuomini S, et al. Long-term low-dose oral administration of dehydroepiandrosterone modulates adrenal response to adrenocorticotropic hormone in early and late postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2006 Nov;22(1 l):627-635.

Tellez N, Comabella M, Julia E, et al. Fatigue in progressive multiple sclerosis is associated with low levels of dehydroepiandrosterone. Mult Seier. 2006 Aug;12(4):487- 494.

Maes M, Mihaylova I, De Ruyter M. Decreased dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate but normal insulin-like growth factor in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): relevance for the inflammatory response in CFS. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2005 Oct;26(5):487-492.

Villareal DT, Holloszy JO. Effect of DHEA on abdominal fat and insulin action in elderly women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Nov
10;292(18):2243-2248.

Nordmark G, Bengtsson C, Larsson A, et al. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone supplement on health-related quality of life in glucocorticoid treated female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity. 2005 Nov;38(7):53 l-540.

Von Milhlen D, Laughlin GA, Kritz-Silverstein D, et al. Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation on bone mineral density, bone markers, and body composition in older adults: the DAWN trial. Osteoporos Int. 2008 May;19(5):699- 707.

Davis SR, Shah SM, McKenzie DP, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels are associated with more favorable cognitive function in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Mar;93(3):801-808.

Alhaj HA, Massey AE, McAllister-Williams RH. Effects of DHEA administration on episodic memory, cortisol and mood in healthy young men: a double-blind, placebo­ controlled study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 Nov;188(4):541-551.

Rhoden EL, Morgen taler A. Risks of testosterone-replacement therapy and recommendations for monitoring. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jan 29;350(5):482-492.

Section 2- Literature Review of HGH
Rudman D, Feller AG, Nagraj HS, et al. Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N Engl J Med. 1990 Jul 5;323(1):1-6.

Vance ML, Mauras N. Growth Hormone Therapy in Adults and Children. N Engl J Med. 1999 Oct; 341:1206-1216.
Fazio S, Sabatini D, Capaldo B, et al. A preliminary study of growth hormone in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1996 Mar 28;334(13):809-814.

Blackman MR, Sorkin JD, Munzer T, et al. Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 Nov 13;288(18):2282-2292.

Barclay L. Growth Hormone Reduces Weight, Fat Mass But Not Lean Body Mass. Medscape. 2004 February 26.
Simpson H, Savine R, Sonksen P, et al. Growth hormone replacement therapy for adults: into the new millennium. Growth Harm IGF Res. 2002 Feb;12(1):1-
33.

Albert SG, Mooradian AD. Low-dose recombinant human growth hormone as adjuvant therapy to lifestyle modifications in the management of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Feb;89(2):695-70l.

Giannoulis MG, Sonksen PH, Umpleby M, et al. The effects of growth hormone and/or testosterone in healthy elderly men: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Feb;91(2):477-484.

Colao A, Di Somma C, Spiezia S, et al. Growth hormone treatment on atherosclerosis: results of a 5-year open, prospective, controlled study in male patients with severe growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Sep;93(9):3416-
24.

Murray RD, Wieringa GE, Lissett CA, et al. Low-dose GH replacement improves the adverse lipid profile associated with the adult GH deficiency syndrome. Clin Endocrinol. 2002 Apr;56(4):525-532.

Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Plat L. Age-related changes in slow wave sleep and REM sleep and relationship with growth hormone and cortisol levels in healthy men. JAMA. 2000 Aug 16;284(7):861-868.

Yazdanpanah M, Rietveld I, Janssen JA, et al. An insulin-like growth factor-I promoter polymorphism is associated with increased mortality in subjects with myocardial infarction in an elderly Caucasian population. Am J Cardiol. 2006 May 1;97(9):1274-1276.

- Human Growth Hormone

Gibney J, Wallace JD, Spinks T, et al. The effects of 10 years of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) in adult GR-deficient patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1999 Aug;84(8):2596-2602.

Gotherstrom G, Bengtsson BA, Bosaeus I, et al. A 10-year, prospective study of the metabolic effects of growth hormone replacement in adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Apr;92(4):1442-1445.
Muller M, Aleman A, Grobbee DE, et al. Endogenous sex hormone levels and cognitive function in aging men: is there an optimal level? Neurology. 2005 Mar 8;64(5):866-871.

Heufelder AE, Saad F, Bunck MC, Gooren L. Fifty-two-week treatment with diet and exercise plus transdermal testosterone reverses the metabolic syndrome and improves glycemic control in men with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and subnormal plasma testosterone. J Andra!. 2009 Nov-Dec;30(6):726-733.

Jancin B. Testosterone replacement curbs inflammatory cytokines. Clinical Psychiatry News. 2004 May
Selvin E, Feinleib M, Zhang L, et al. Androgens and diabetes in men: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).
Diabetes Care. 2007 Feb;30(2):234-238.

English KM, Steeds RP, Jones TH, et al. Low-dose transdermal testosterone therapy improves angina threshold in men with chronic stable angina: A randomized, double­ blind, placebo-controlled study. Circulation. 2000 Oct 17; l 02(16):1906-1911.

Gaby, A. R. DHEA: The hormone that does it all. Holistic Medicine. 1993 Spring:19- 23.

Villareal DT, Holloszy JO. Effect of DHEA on abdominal fat and insulin action in elderly women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Nov 10;292(18):2243-2248.

Van Vollenhoven RF, Morabito LM, Engleman EG, McGuire JL. Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus with dehydroepiandrosterone: 50 patients treated up to 12 months. J Rheumatol. 1998 Feb;25(2):285-289.

Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, Roberts E, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment of depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Feb 1;41(3):311-318.

Herrington DM. Dehydroepiandrosterone and coronary atherosclerosis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1995 Dec 29;774:271-280.
Barrett-Connor E, Khaw KT, Yen SS. A prospective study of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, mortality, and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med.
1986 Dec l 1;315(24):1519-1524.

Gordon GB, Bush DE, Weisman HF. Reduction of atherosclerosis by administration of dehydroepiandrosterone. A study in the hypercholesterolemic New Zealand white rabbit with aortic intimal injury. J Clin Invest. 1988 Aug;82(2):712-720.

Morales AJ, Nolan JJ, Nelson JC, Yen SS. Effects ofreplacement dose of dehydroepiandrosterone in men and women of advancing age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Jun;78(6):1360-1367.
Wiren L, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G. Beneficial effects of long-term GH replacement therapy on quality of life in adults with GH deficiency. Clin Endocrinol. 1998 May;48(5):613-620.

Blevins LS. Beneficial effects of growth hormone replacement in growth hormone­ deficient adults. Endocrinol. 2002 Sept/Oct;l2(5):405-41l.

Evans J. Data reveal three risk factors for prostate ca. Internal Medicine News.
2005 Apr 15.

Fuhrman B, Barba M, Schunemann HJ, et al. Basal growth hormone concentrations in blood and the risk for prostate cancer: a case-control study. Prostate.
2005 Jul 1;64(2):109-115.

Devi GR, Sprenger CC, Plymate SR, Rosenfeld RG. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 induces early apoptosis in malignant prostate cancer cells and inhibits tumor formation in vivo. Prostate. 2002 May 1;51(2):141-152.

Christ ER, Carroll PV, Russell-Jones DL, Sonksen PH. The consequences of growth hormone deficiency in adulthood, and the effects of growth hormone replacement.
Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1997 Aug 30;127(35):1440-1449.
Jun;13(3):387-396.

Braunstein GD, Sundwall DA, Katz M, et al. Safety and efficacy of a testosterone patch for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in surgically menopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Jul
25;165(14):1582-1589.

Interesting Literature Review

Webster K. Human growth hormone used to treat Crohn's disease. The Desert Sun. 2000 June 1.

Regan SH, Wolf AM, Wolf A. Role of medical nutrition therapy in patients with HIV infection or AIDS. Hospital Medicine. 1999 Sept;35(9):25.

Salomon F, Cuneo RC, Hesp R, Sonksen PH. The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1989 Dec 28;321(26):1797-1803.

Christ ER, Carroll PV, Russell-Jones DL, Sonksen PH. The consequences of growth hormone deficiency in adulthood, and the effects of growth hormone replacement. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1997 Aug 30;127(35):1440-1449.

Janssen JA, Stolk RP, Pols HA, et al. Serum total IGF-1, free IGF-1, and IGFB-1 levels in an elderly population: relation to cardiovascular risk factors and disease.
Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol. 1998 Feb;l8(2):277-282.

Hoffman AR, Lieberman SA, Ceda GP. Growth hormone therapy in the elderly: implications for the aging brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1992 Aug;17(4):327-333.

Rosen T, Wiren L, Wilhelmsen L, et al. Decreased psychological well-being in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol. 1994 Jan;40(1):l l l- 116.

Colao A, di Somma C, Pivonello R, et al. The cardiovascular risk of adult GH deficiency (GHD) improved after GH replacement and worsened in untreated GHD: a 12- month prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Mar;87(3):1088-1093.

Janssen JA, Stolk RP, Pols HA, et al. Serum free IGF-1, total IGF-1, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in an elderly population: relation to age and sex steroid levels. Clin Endocrinol. 1998 Apr;48(4):471-478.

Fazio S, Sabatini D, Capaldo B, et al. A preliminary study of growth hormone in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1996 Mar 28;334(13):809-814.

Saito H, Inoue T, Fukatsu K, et al. Growth hormone and the immune response to bacterial infection. Harm Res. 1996;45(1-2):50-54.

Gelato MC. Aging and immune function: a possible role for growth hormone.
Labrie F, Diamond P, Cusan L, et al. Effect of 12-month dehydroepiandrosterone replacement therapy on bone, vagina, and endometrium in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Oct;82(10):3498-3505.

Androgen deficiency in the aging male: The beginning, the middle, and the ongoing.
Clinical Geriatrics. 2008 April;l6(4):25-28.

Testosterone for Women

Shifren JL, Braunstein GD, Simon JA, et al. Transdermal testosterone treatment in women with impaired sexual function after oophorectomy. N Engl J Med. 2000 Sep 7;343(10):682-688.

Guzick DS, Hoeger K. Sex, hormones, and hysterectomies. N Engl J Med.
2000 Sep 7;343(10):730-731.

Friedrich MJ. Can male hormones really help women? JAMA. 2000 May;283(20):2643-2644.

Braunstein GD, Cameron DR. Postmenopausal androgen therapy in women. The Female Patient. 2004 Nov;29:40-45.
Golden SH, Maguire A, Ding J, et al. Endogenous postmenopausal hormones and carotid atherosclerosis: A case-control study of the atherosclerosis risk in communities cohort.
Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155(5):437-445.

Johnson K. Testosterone patch may relieve sexual dysfunction: surgically menopausal women. Family Practice News. 2004 Mar LP-
Baker B. Testosterone patch improves sexual function in surgically menopausal women. Family Practice News. 1999 Aug l..'.p

Bernini GP, Sgro M, Moretti A, et al. Endogenous androgens and carotid intimal- medial thickness in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Jun;84(6):2008-2l 12.

Wang J. Adding Androgen To Estrogen Helps Strengthen Bone. Family Practice News. 2000 March l.

Shifren JL, Davis SR, Moreau M, et al. Testosterone patch for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in naturally menopausal women: results from the INTIMATE NMl Study. Menopause. 2006 Sep-Oct;l3(5):770-779.

Rako S. Testosterone deficiency: a key factor in the increased cardiovascular risk to women following hysterectomy or with natural aging? J Womens Health. 1998 Sep;7(7):825-829.

Braunstein GD. Androgen insufficiency in women. Growth Harm IGF Res. 2006 Jul;l6 Suppl A:Sl09-Sl 17.
menopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Menopause. 2006 May-
Harm Res. 1996;45(1-2):46-49.

Gore DC, Honeycutt D, Jahoor F, et al. Effect of exogenous growth hormone on whole­ body and isolated-limb protein kinetics in burned patients. Arch Surg. 1991
Jan;126(1):38-43.

Sullivan MG. Growth hormone increases adults' exercise capacity. Internal Medicine News. 2005 January
Baum HB, Biller BM, Finkelstein JS, et al. Effects of physiologic growth hormone therapy on bone density and body composition in patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med.
1996 Dec 1;125(11):883-890.

Healy ML, Gibney J, Russell Jones DL, et al. High dose growth hormone exerts an anabolic effect at rest during exercise in endurance-trained athletes. J Clin Endacrinal Metab. 2003;88(11):5221-5226

Jorgensen JO, Thuesen L, Muller J, et al. Three years of growth hormone treatment in growth hormone-deficient adults: near normalization of body composition and physical performance. Eur J Endacrinal. 1994 Mar;130(3):224-228.
Rudman D, Feller AG, Nagraj HS, et al. Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N Engl J Med. 1990 Jul 5;323(1):1-6.

Melatonin

Lewy AJ. Melatonin: Can a dose make you doze? Consultant. 1998;38(12):2833.

Garfinkel D, Zisapel N, Wainstein J, l..audon ME. Facilitation of benzodiazepine discontinuation by melatonin: a new clinical approach. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Nov;l59:2456-2460.

Mills E, Wu P, Seely D, Guyatt G. Melatonin in the treatment of cancer: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis. J Pineal Res. 2005 Nov;39(4):360-366.

Susman C. Studies link melatonin to periodontal health. The Press Enterprise. 2007 December 19.

Drake MJ, Mills IW, Noble JG. Melatonin pharmacotherapy for nocturia in men with benign prostatic enlargement. J Ural. 2004 Mar;171(3):1199-1202.

Graedon J, Graedon T. A tablet of melatonin may keep migraines at bay. Migraine. 2004 Dec 15.
Granat P. HRT: The debate continues. (Hormone replacement therapy as a prevention of heart disease). Consultant. 2001 July 1.

Nabel EG. Coronary heart disease in women--an ounce of prevention. N Engl J Med.
2000 Aug 24;343(8):572-574.

Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Trends in the incidence of coronary heart disease and changes in diet and lifestyle in women. N Engl J Med. 2000 Aug
24;343(8):530-537.

Worcester S. Young, health HRT users at low risk for CV event. Family Practice News. 2003 June 1.

Sullivan MG. Study links estrogen use to improved cognition. Family Practice News. 2004 February 1.

Boschert S. Good long-term results from laparoscopic hysterectomy. Family Practice News. 2004 February 1.

Johnson K. Oral contraceptives found protective against cardiovascular disease.
Family Practice News. 2004 November 15.

Shepherd JE. Effects of estrogen on congnition mood, and degenerative brain diseases. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2001 Mar-Apr;41(2):221-228.

Progesterone

Fitzpatrick LA, Good A. Micronized progesterone: Clinical indications and comparison with current treatments. Fertility & Sterility. 1999 Sept;72(3): 389-397.

Baber R. Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women After Hormone Therapy.
JAMA. 2011;305(5):466-467.

De Lignieres B. Endometrial hyperplasia. Risks, recognition and the search for a safe hormone replacement regimen. J Reprod Med. 1999 Feb;44(2):191-196.

Hudson T. Natural progesterone: Clinical indications in women. The Female Patient. 2001 April;26:32, 37-38, 41.
Faludi AA, Aldrighi JM, Bertolami MC, et al. Progesterone abolishes estrogen and/or atorvastatin endothelium dependent vasodilatory effects. Atherosclerosis. 2004 Nov;177(1):89-96.

Gerhard M, Walsh BW, Tawakol A, et al. Estradiol therapy combined with progesterone and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Circulation. 1998 Sep 22;98(12):1158-1163.

McCrohon JA, Nakhla S, Jessup W, et al. Estrogen and progesterone reduce lipid
Estrogen

Somers S. Greene RA. The sexy years: Discover the hormone connection: The secret to fabulous sex, great health, and vitality for women and men. New York, NY: Random House; 2004.

Older women still unconvinced of the benefits of ERT; here's why. Geriatrics.
1996 Aug;51(8):16.

Barclay L. USPSTF recommends against routine use of hormone therapy for chronic disease prevention. Medscape Medical News. 2005 May 17.

Action of the AMA House of Delegates 2009 Annual Meeting: Council on Science and Public Health Report. The use of hormones for "antiaging": A review of efficacy and safety. Report 5 of the council on science and public health (A-09). 2009:1-17.

Boothby LA, Doering P, Kipersztok S. Bioidentical hormone therapy: A review.
Menopause. 2004 May/June;11(3):356-367.

Hargrove JT, Osteen KG. An alternative method of hormone replacement therapy using the natural sex steroids. Infert Repro Med Clin N Am. 1995;6:653-674.

Shoupe D. Hormone replacement therapy: reassessing the risks and benefits.
Hosp Pract. 1999 Aug 15;34(8):97-103, 107-8, 113-114.

Hutchins FJ. Nothing like the real thing. Cortlandt Forum. 1999;12(10):50.

Sullivan MG. Genital atrophy common, rapid after HT stopped. Family Practice News. 2005 March 1.
North American Menopause Society. The role of local vaginal estrogen for treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: 2007 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2007 May-Jun;l4(3 Pt 1):355-369.

Biomedicina. 2000;3(1)

Hargrove JT, Maxson WS, Wentz AC, Burnett LS. Menopausal hormone replacement therapy with continuous daily oral micronized estradiol and progesterone. Obstet Gynecol. 1989 Apr;73(4):606-612.

Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C, et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA. 2002;288(7):862-871.

Mayeaux EJ, Johnson C. Current concepts in postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. J Fam Pract. 1996 Jul;43(1):69-75.

Schmidt LS. HRT and cardiovascular health. Consultant. 2000 December 1. Pg. 57 -
Rosano GM, Webb CM, Chierchia S, et al. Natural progesterone, but not medroxyprogesterone acetate, enhances the beneficial effect of estrogen on exercise­ induced myocardial ischemia in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Dec;36(7):2154-2159.

Carmody BJ, Arora S, Wakefield MC, et al. Progesterone inhibits human infragenicular arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation induced by high glucose and insulin concentrations. J Vase Surg. 2002 Oct;36(4):833-838.

Otsuki M, Saito H, Xu X, et al. Progesterone, but not medroxyprogesterone, inhibits vascular cell adhesion molecule-I expression in human vascular endothelial cells.

Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol. 2001 Feb;21(2):243-248.

Vashisht A, Wadsworth F, Carey A, et al. Bleeding profiles and effects on the endometrium for women using a novel combination of transdermal oestradiol and natural progesterone cream as part of a continuous combined hormone replacement regime.
BIOG. 2005 Oct;112(10):1402-1406.

O'Leary P, Feddema P, Chan K, et al. Salivary, but not serum or urinary levels of progesterone are elevated after topical application of progesterone cream to pre-and postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol. 2000 Nov;53(5):615-620.

Thyroid

Gardner DF. Ask the Professor: Thyroid Disease when to screen - how to avoid pitfalls.
Consultant. 2000 December 1.

Prinz PN, Scanlan JM, Vitaliano PP, et al. Thyroid hormones: positive relationships with cognition in healthy, euthyroid older men. Biol Sci Med Sci. 1999 Mar;54(3):Ml 11-116.

Appelhof BC, Fliers E, Wekking EM, et al. Combined therapy with levothyroxine and liothyronine in two ratios, compared with levothyroxine monotherapy in primary hypothyroidism: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 May;90(5):2666-74.

Hennemann G, Docter R, Krenning EP. Causes and effects of the low T3 syndrome during caloric deprivation and non-thyroidal illness: an overview. Acta Med Austriaca. 1988;15(1):42-45.

Olivieri 0, Girelli D, Stanzial AM, et al. Selenium, zinc, and thyroid hormones in healthy subjects: low T3/T4 ratio in the elderly is related to impaired selenium status. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996 Jan;51(1):31-41.

Bunevicius R, Kazanavicius G, Zalinkevicius R, et al. Effects of Thyroxine as Compared with Thyroxine plus Triiodothyronine in Patients with Hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340:424-429.

Hamilton MA, Stevenson LW, Fonarow GC, et al. Safety and Hemodynamic Effects of Intravenous Triiodothyronine in Advanced Congestive Heart Failure. American Journal
accumulation in human monocyte-derived macrphages: A sex-specific effect.
Circulation. 1999 Dec 7;100(23):2319-2325.

Campagnoli C, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kaaks R, et al. Progestins and progesterone in hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mo! Biol. 2005 Jul;96(2):95-108.

Lobo RA. Progestogens: New approaches. The Female Patient. 2001 October; 19.
Cullen L. Physiology of sexual function. (Unable to find full reference)
Hargrove JT, Osteen KG. An alternative method of hormone replacement therapy using the natural sex steroids. Infert Repro Med Clin N Am. 1995;6:653-674.

Apgar BS, Greenberg G. Using progestins in clinical practice. American Family Physician. 2000 Oct;62(8):1839-1846.
Mayo Clinic Women's HealthSource: August, 1999, pg 3 (unable to find full reference)
Nilsen J, Brinton RD. Divergent impact of progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) on nuclear mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 2003 Sep 2;100(18):10506-10511.

Rosano GM, Webb CM, Chierchia S, et al. Natural progesterone, but not medroxyprogesterone acetate, enhances the beneficial effect of estrogen on exercise­ induced myocardial ischemia in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Dec;36(7):2154-2159.

Kaunitz AM. HT and breast cancer: does the type of progestin matter? OBG Management. 2007 June;19(6):31-35.

Barbieri RL. More data on hormone therapy risks arrive to reshape practice. OBG Management. 2008 Aug;20(8):10, 13-14.
Schumacher M, Guennoun R, Ghoumari A, et al. Novel perspectives for progesterone in hormone replacement therapy, with special reference to the nervous system. Endocr Rev. 2007 Jun;28(4):387-439.

Fitzpatrick LA, Pace C, Wiita B. Comparison of regimens containing oral micronized progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate on quality of life in postrnenopausal women: A cross-sectional survey. J of Women's Health & Gender-Based Med. 2000 May;9(4):381-387.

Fitzpatrick LA, Good A. Micronized progesterone: Clinical indications and comparison with current treatments. Fertility & Sterility. 1999 Sept;72(3):389-397.
Brunton SA, Sadovsky R. Late-onset male hypogonadism and testosterone replacement therapy in primary care. J of Family Practice. 2010 July;59(7):S 1-S8.

Uses of progesterone throughout a woman's life. J of Family Practice. 2007 Feb; pg 16-17.
Hofling M, Hirschberg AL, Skoog L, et al. Testosterone inhibits estrogen/progestogen-induced breast cell proliferation in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2007;14(2):1-8.
Am J Epidemiol. 2002; 155:437-445.

de Lignieres B, de Vathaire F, Fournier S, et al. Combined hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer in a French cohort study of 3175 women. Climacteric.
2002;5:332-340.

Putting the American Heart Association's guidelines on HRT and CVD into perspective.
Uses of progesterone throughout a woman's life. J of Family Practice.
2007 Feb; 16-17-18-19?

Uses of progesterone throughout a woman's life. J of Family Practice. 2007 Feb; 16-17?
Toh S, Hernandez-Diaz S, Logan R, Rossouw JE, Heman MA. Coronary heart disease in postmenopausal recipients of estrogen plus progestin therapy: Does the increased risk ever disappear?

BHRT

Clinician's Forum. Menopause Management. 2007 July/August;16(4):38-44. Pg. 4-The North American Menopause Society. Menopause medicine: The bottom line
on bioidentical hormone therapy. Geriatrics. 2008 Sept;63(9):28.

Pinkerton JV. "Bioidentical" hormones: What you (and your patient) need to know. OBG Management. 2009January;21(1):42-52.

Pastner B. Regulatory issues of compounding drugs.. Proceedings from the postgraduate course presented prior to the 17th annual meeting of the North American Menopause Society. 2006 October 11;8-11.

Chatterton RT. Validation of hormone testing. Proceedings from the postgraduate course presented prior to the 17th annual meeting of the North American Menopause Society. 2006 October 11:20-22.

Nachtigall LE. Bioidentical versus nonbioidentical hormones. Proceedings from the postgraduate course presented prior to the 17th annual meeting of the North American
of Cardiology. 1998 Feb 15;81(4)443-447.

Klein I, Ojamaa K. Thyroid hormone treatment of congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol.
1998 Feb 15;81(4):490-491.

Hak EA, Pols H, Visser TJ, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: The Rotterdam Study. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:270-278.

Hak AE, Pols HA, Visser TJ, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: the Rotterdam Study. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Feb 15;132(4):270-278.

Graedon J, Graedon T. Reviewing thyroid treatment. People's Pharmacy. pg. 64 -
Graedon J, Graedon T. This diet supplement could be hazardous. People's Pharmacy. Los Angeles Times. 1999 July 19.

Baker B. No BMD loss with thyroxine replacement. Ob Gyn News. 2000 September 1.

Appetecchia M. Effects on bone mineral density by treatment of benign nodular goiter with mildly suppressive doses of L-thyroxine in a cohort women study. Horm Res.
2005;64(6):293-298.

Mikosch P, Jauk B, Gallowitsch HJ, et al. Suppressive levothyroxine therapy has no significant influence on bone degradation in women with thyroid carcinoma: a comparison with other disorders affecting bone metabolism. Thyroid. 2001 Mar;11(3):257-63.

Mikosch P, Kerschan-Schindl K, Woloszczuk W, et al. High cathepsin K levels in men with differentiated thyroid cancer on suppressive L-thyroxine therapy. Thyroid.
2008 Jan;l8(1):27-33.

Jancin B. CHD risk doubles with subclinical hypothyroidism. Internal Med News. 2004 December 15.
Jancin B. T3 therapy called not ready for prime time. Family Practice News.
2005 January I.
Davis S, Kopecky KJ, Hamilton TE, et al. Thyroid neoplasia, autoimmune thyroiditis, and hypothyroidism in persons exposed to iodine 131 from the Hanford nuclear site. JAMA. 2004 Dec 1;292(21):2600-2613.

Meier C, Trittibach P, Guglielmetti M, et al. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone in assessment of severity of tissue hypothyroidism in patients with overt primary thyroid failure: cross sectional survey. BMJ. 2003 Feb 8;326(7384):311-312.

Section 14 - Literature Review Testosterone & Estrogen
Menopause Society. 2006 October 11;15-19.

Chatterton RT. Validation of hormone testing. Proceedings from the postgraduate course presented prior to the 17th annual meeting of the North American Menopause Society. 2006 October 11:20-22.

Rhoden EL, Morgentaler A. Risks of testosterone-replacement therapy recommendations for monitoring. The New Engl J of Med. 2004 January. 350(5):482- 492.
Longevity & Medicine

Friedrich N, Haring R, Nauck M, et al. Mortality and serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein 3 concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 May;94(5):1732-9.

Malkin CJ, Pugh PJ, Morris PD, et al. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with angina improves ischaemic threshold and quality of life. Heart. 2004 Aug;90(8):871-6.

Besson A, Salemi S, Gallati S, et al. Reduced longevity in untreated patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Aug;88(8):3664- 7.

Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E, Criqui MH, Kritz-Silverstein D. The prospective association of serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-1 levels with all cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jan;89(1):114-120.

Moffat SD, Zonderman AB, Metter EJ, et al. Free testosterone and risk for Alzheimer disease in older men. Neurology. 2004 Jan 27;62(2):188-193.

Khaw KT, Dowsett M, Folkerd E, et al. Endogenous testosterone and mortality due to all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in men: European prospective investigation into cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) Prospective Population Study. Circulation. 2007 Dec 4;116(23):2694-701.

Malkin CJ, Pugh PJ, Jones RD, et al. The effect of testosterone replacement on endogenous inflammatory cytokines and lipid profiles in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jul;89(7):3313-3318.

Selvin E, Feinleib M, Zhang L, et al. Androgens and diabetes in men: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Diabetes Care. 2007 Feb;30(2):234-238.

Hak AE, Witteman JC, de Jong FH, et al. Low levels of endogenous androgens increase the risk of atherosclerosis in elderly men: the Rotterdam study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Aug;87(8):3632-3639.

Maggio M, Lauretani F, Ceda GP, et al. Relationship between low levels of anabolic hormones and 6-year mortality in older men: the aging in the Chianti Area (InCHIANTI) study. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Nov 12;167(20):2249-54.

Shores MM, Matsumoto AM, Sloan KL, Kivlahan DR. Low serum testosterone and mortality in male veterans. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Aug 14-28;166(15):1660-1665. Asvold BO, Bjøro T, Nilsen TI, et al.

Asvold BO, Bjøro T, Nilsen TI, et al. Thyrotropin levels and risk of fatal coronary heart disease: the HUNT study. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Apr 28;168(8):855-60.

Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Hollis BW, Rimm EB. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Jun 9;168(11):1174-80.

Schumacher M, Guennoun R, Ghoumari A, et al. Novel perspectives for progesterone in hormone replacement therapy, with special reference to the nervous system. Endocr Rev. 2007 Jun;28(4):387-439.

Nilsen J, Brinton RD. Impact of progestins on estrogen-induced neuroprotection: synergy by progesterone and 19-norprogesterone and antagonism by medroxyprogesterone acetate. Endocrinology. 2002 Jan;143(1):205-212. 

Enomoto M, Adachi H, Fukami A, et al. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels predict longevity in men: 27-year follow-up study in a community-based cohort (Tanushimaru study). J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Jun;56(6):994-998. 

Fukui M, Kitagawa Y, Nakamura N, et al. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentration and carotid atherosclerosis in men with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2005 Aug;181(2):339-344. 

New study finds removing ovaries during hysterectomy increases risk of death, outweighs benefits. Business Wire. 2009 April 20. Accessed from http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20090420005411/en/Study-FindsRemoving-Ovaries-Hysterectomy-Increases-Risk 

Parker WH, Broder MS, Chang E, et al. Ovarian conservation at the time of hysterectomy and long-term health outcomes in the nurses' health study. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 May;113(5):1027-37. 

Shoupe D, Parker WH, Broder MS, et al. Elective oophorectomy for benign gynecological disorders. Menopause. 2007 May-Jun;14(3 Pt 2):580-585. 

Mäkinen J, Järvisalo MJ, Pöllänen P, et al. Increased carotid atherosclerosis in andropausal middle-aged men. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 May 17;45(10):1603-8. 

Rivera CM, Grossardt BR, Rhodes DJ, et al. Increased cardiovascular mortality after early bilateral oophorectomy. Menopause. 2009 Jan-Feb;16(1):15-23. 

Parker WH, Manson JE. Oophorectomy and cardiovascular mortality: Is there a link? Menopause. 2009 Jan-Feb;16(1):1-2. 

Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E, Bergstrom J. Low serum testosterone and mortality in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jan;93(1):68-75. 

Kapoor D, Goodwin E, Channer KS, Jones TH. Testosterone replacement therapy improves insulin resistance, glycaemic control, visceral adiposity and hypercholesterolaemia in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Jun;154(6):899-906. 

Rice D, Brannigan RE, Campbell RK, et al. Men's health, low testosterone, and diabetes: individualized treatment and a multidisciplinary approach. Diabetes Educ. 2008 Nov-Dec;34 Suppl 5:97S-112S. 

Calle EE, Miracle-McMahill HL, Thun MJ, Heath CW Jr. Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of fatal colon cancer in a prospective cohort of postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995 Apr 5;87(7):517-23.

Zandi PP, Carlson MC, Plassman BL, et al. Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of Alzheimer disease in older women: the Cache County Study. JAMA. 2002 Nov 6;288(17):2123-2129. 

Harden CL. The mysterious effect of reproductive hormones on cognitive function: scientific knowledge in search of an application. J Gend Specif Med. 2000 Oct;3(7):33-37. 

Loret De Mola JR. Effects of estrogen use on the risk of alzheimer's disease. Biomedicina. 2000 Jan;3(1):6-7. 

Hodis HN, Mack WJ. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease in perspective. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Sep;51(3):564-580. 

Saunders-Pullman RJ. Another potential benefit from HRT: Slowing Parkinson's. Geriatrics. 1998 Jun;53(6):91. 

Malkin CJ, Pugh PJ, West JN, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with moderate severity heart failure: a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Eur Heart J. 2006 Jan;27(1):57-64. 

Salpeter SR, Cheng J, Thabane L, et al. Bayesian meta-analysis of hormone therapy and mortality in younger postmenopausal women. Am J Med. 2009 Nov;122(11):1016-1022. 

Dobnig H, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, et al. Independent association of low serum 25- hydroxyvitamin d and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Jun 23;168(12):1340-9.
Review of WHI & HERS 

Klaiber EL, Vogel W, Rako S. A critique of the Women's Health Initiative hormone therapy study. Fertil Steril. 2005 Dec;84(6):1589-1601. 

Gambrell RD. The women's health initiative reports: Critical review of the findings. The Female Patient. 2004;29:25-41. 

Mishell DR, McNeille LG. Hormone Therapy and Coronary Heart Disease: Evolving evidence from clinical trials. J of Family Practice. 2007 Nov;15(2):S1-S6. 

Salpeter SR, Walsh JM, Greyber E, et al. Mortality associated with hormone replacement therapy in younger and older women: a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2004 Jul;19(7):791-804. 

Wood MJ, Cox JL. HRT to prevent cardiovascular disease. What studies show, how to advise patients. Postgrad Med. 2000 Sep 1;108(3):59-60, 63-6, 69-72. 

Brzyski RG. Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease. Biomedicina. 2000 Jan;3(1):126-128. 

Dubey RK, Jackson EK, Gillespie DG, et al. Medroxyprogesterone abrogates the inhibitory effects of estradiol on vascular smooth muscle cells by preventing estradiol metabolism. Hypertension. 2008 Apr;51(4):1197-202. 

Booth EA, Lucchesi BR. Medroxyprogesterone acetate prevents the cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of 17beta-estradiol in an in vivo model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007 Sep;293(3):H1408- 15.
Review of Different BHRT

Cirigliano M. Bioidentical hormone therapy: a review of the evidence. J Womens Health. 2007 Jun;16(5):600-631. 

Lemon HM. Pathophysiologic considerations in the treatment of menopausal patients with oestrogens; the role of oestriol in the prevention of mammary carcinoma. Acta Endocrinol Suppl. 1980;233:17-27. 

Lauritzen C. Results of a 5 years prospective study of estriol succinate treatment in patients with climacteric complaints. Horm Metab Res. 1987 Nov;19(11):579-584. 

Head KA. Estriol: safety and efficacy. Altern Med Rev. 1998 Apr;3(2):101-113. 

Takahashi K, Okada M, Ozaki T, et al. Safety and efficacy of oestriol for symptoms of natural or surgically induced menopause. Hum Reprod. 2000 May;15(5):1028-1036. 

Teoh H, Quan A, Leung SW, Man RY. Vascular effects of estrone and diethylstilbestrol in porcine coronary arteries. Menopause. 2009 Jan-Feb;16(1):104-109. 

Karim R, Mack WJ, Lobo RA, et al. Determinants of the effect of estrogen on the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial. Menopause. 2005 Jul-Aug;12(4):366-73. 

Pratt JH, Longcope C. Estriol production rates and breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1978 Jan;46(1):44-7. 

Lippman M, Monaco ME, Bolan G. Effects of estrone, estradiol, and estriol on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. Cancer Res. 1977 Jun;37(6):1901-1907. 

Siiteri PK, Sholtz RI, Cirillo PM, et al. Prospective study of estrogens during pregnancy and risk of breast cancer. Public Health Institute. 2002. 

Vooijs GP, Geurts TB. Review of the endometrial safety during intravaginal treatment with estriol. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1995 Sep;62(1):101-106. 

Nachtigall LE. Bioidentical versus nonbioidentical hormones. Proceedings from the postgraduate course presented prior to the 17th annual meeting of the North American Menopause Society. 2006 October 11;15-19.
Hormones & Cancer 

Fuhrman B, Barba M, Schünemann HJ, et al. Basal growth hormone concentrations in blood and the risk for prostate cancer: a case-control study. Prostate. 2005 Jul 1;64(2):109-15. 

Devi GR, Sprenger CC, Plymate SR, Rosenfeld RG. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 induces early apoptosis in malignant prostate cancer cells and inhibits tumor formation in vivo. Prostate. 2002 May 1;51(2):141-52. 

Melmed S. Acromegaly and cancer: not a problem? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jul;86(7):2929-34. 

Carter HB, Pearson JD, Metter EJ, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of serum androgen levels in men with and without prostate cancer. Prostate. 1995 Jul;27(1):25-31. 

Chen C, Lewis SK, Voigt L, et al. Prostate carcinoma incidence in relation to prediagnostic circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, and insulin. Cancer. 2005 Jan 1;103(1):76-84. 

Rhoden EL, Morgentaler A. Medical Progress: Risks of Testosterone-Replacement Therapy and Recommendations for Monitoring. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jan; 350:482- 492. 

Morgentaler A, Rhoden EL. Prevalence of prostate cancer among hypogonadal men with prostate-specific antigen levels of 4.0 ng/mL or less. Urology. 2006 Dec;68(6):1263-7. 

Scherr DS, Pitts WR Jr. The nonsteroidal effects of diethylstilbestrol: the rationale for androgen deprivation therapy without estrogen deprivation in the treatment of prostate cancer. J Urol. 2003 Nov;170(5):1703-8. 

Eaton NE, Reeves GK, Appleby PN, Key TJ. Endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer: a quantitative review of prospective studies. Br J Cancer. 1999 Jun;80(7):930-4. 

Shabsigh R, Crawford ED, Nehra A, Slawin KM. Testosterone therapy in hypogonadal men and potential prostate cancer risk: a systematic review. Int J Impot Res. 2009 Jan-Feb;21(1):9-23. 

Savage L, Widener A. Sex Hormones Unrelated to Prostate Cancer Risk. JNCI. 2008;100(3):157. 

Page JH, Colditz GA, Rifai N, et al. Plasma adrenal androgens and risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004 Jun;13(6):1032-6. 

Heikkilä R, Aho K, Heliövaara M, et al. Serum testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations and the risk of prostate carcinoma: a longitudinal study. Cancer. 1999 Jul 15;86(2):312-5. 

Jancin B. HRT Safe for Survivors of Early-Stage Breast Ca. Family Practice News. 2001 Jun 1.

Goldman EL. ERT shows no risk in breast cancer survivors. (unable to find full reference) 

Johnson K. ERT Does Not Increase Breast Cancer Recurrence or Mortality. Family Practice News. 1999 May 15. 

Campagnoli C, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kaaks R, et al. Progestins and progesterone in hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 Jul;96(2):95-108. 

Lea R, Bannister E, Case A, Levesque P, et al. Use of hormonal replacement therapy after treatment of breast cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2004 Jan;26(1):49-60. 

Decker DA, Pettinga JE, VanderVelde N, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors: a matched-controlled series. Menopause. 2003 JulAug;10(4):277-85. 

Suriano KA, McHale M, McLaren CE, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy in endometrial cancer patients: a matched control study. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Apr;97(4):555-60. 

Schairer C, Lubin J, Troisi R, et al. Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. JAMA. 2000 Jan 26;283(4):485-91. 

Jancin B. Adding progestin to estrogen multiplies breast cancer risk. Family Practice News. 2001 Mar 15. Walling AD. Does HRT Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer? Am Fam Physician. 2002 Mar 1;65(5):947.

Durna EM, Wren BG, Heller GZ, et al. Hormone replacement therapy after a diagnosis of breast cancer: cancer recurrence and mortality. Med J Aust. 2002 Oct 7;177(7):347-51. 

O'Meara ES, Rossing MA, Daling JR, et al. Hormone replacement therapy after a diagnosis of breast cancer in relation to recurrence and mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 May 16;93(10):754-62. 

Bergkvist L, Adami HO, Persson I, et al. The risk of breast cancer after estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement. N Engl J Med. 1989 Aug 3;321(5):293-7. 

Stefanick ML, Anderson GL, Margolis KL, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. JAMA. 2006 Apr 12;295(14):1647-57. 

James-Enger K. Cancer prevention breakthrough. Redbook. 2001 Mar;196(3):132. 

Gizard F, Robillard R, Gervois P, et al. Progesterone inhibits human breast cancer cell growth through transcriptional upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 gene. FEBS Lett. 2005 Oct 24;579(25):5535-41.

Levgur M. Hormone therapy for women after breast cancer. J of Reprod Med. 2004 Jul;49(7):510-26.

 Natrajan PK, Gambrell RD. Estrogen replacement therapy in patients with early breast cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Aug;187(2):289-94. Campagnoli C, Abba C, Amgroggio S, Peris C. Pregnancy, progesterone and progestins in relation to breast cancer risk. J of Steroid Biochem & Molecular Biol. 2005;97:441-450.

 O'Meara ES, Rossing MA, Daling JR, et al. Hormone replacement therapy after a diagnosis of breast cancer in relation to recurrence and mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 May 16;93(10):754-62. 

Meurer LN, Lená S. Cancer recurrence and mortality in women using hormone replacement therapy: meta-analysis. J Fam Pract. 2002 Dec;51(12):1056-62. 

Dimitrakakis C, Jones RA, Liu A, Bondy CA. Breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women using testosterone in addition to usual hormone therapy. Menopause. 2004 Sep-Oct;11(5):531-5. 

Dew JE, Wren BG, Eden JA. Tamoxifen, hormone receptors and hormone replacement therapy in women previously treated for breast cancer: a cohort study. Climacteric. 2002 Jun;5(2):151-5. 

Decker DA, Pettinga JE, VanderVelde N, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors: a matched-controlled series. Menopause. 2003 JulAug;10(4):277-85. 

Guidozzi F. Estrogen replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1999 Jan;64(1):59-63. 

Peters GN, Fodera T, Sabol J, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy after breast cancer: a 12-year follow-up. Ann Surg Oncol. 2001 Dec;8(10):828-32. 

Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Cohen DS, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy for menopausal women with a history of breast carcinoma: results of a 5-year, prospective study. Cancer. 2002 Nov 1;95(9):1817-26.

Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Asmar L, Hortobagyi GN, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy after localized breast cancer: clinical outcome of 319 women followed prospectively. J Clin Oncol. 1999 May;17(5):1482-7. 

Durna EM, Wren BG, Heller GZ, et al. Hormone replacement therapy after a diagnosis of breast cancer: cancer recurrence and mortality. Med J Aust. 2002 Oct 7;177(7):347-51. 

Natrajan PK, Soumakis K, Gambrell RD Jr. Estrogen replacement therapy in women with previous breast cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Aug;181(2):288-95. 

Guidozzi F. Announcing the winner of the IJGO prize paper award for 1999. Estrogen replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2000 May;69(2):101-2. 

Eisen A, Lubinski J, Gronwald J, et al. Hormone therapy and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Oct 1;100(19):1361-7. 

Chen WY, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, et al. Unopposed estrogen therapy and the risk of invasive breast cancer. Arch Intern Med. 2006 May 8;166(9):1027-32. 

Rock CL, Flatt SW, Laughlin GA, et al. Reproductive steroid hormones and recurrence-free survival in women with a history of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Mar;17(3):614-20. 

Lyytinen H, Pukkala E, Ylikorkala O. Breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women using estrogen-only therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Dec;108(6):1354-60. 

Wood CE, Register TC, Lees CJ, et al. Effects of estradiol with micronized progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate on risk markers for breast cancer in postmenopausal monkeys. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007 Jan;101(2):125-34. 

Foidart JM, Colin C, Denoo X, et al. Estradiol and progesterone regulate the proliferation of human breast epithelial cells. Fertil Steril. 1998 May;69(5):963-9. 

Fournier A, Berrino F, Riboli E, et al. Breast cancer risk in relation to different types of hormone replacement therapy in the E3N-EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer. 2005 Apr 10;114(3):448-54. 

de Lignieres B. Endometrial hyperplasia. Risks, recognition and the search for a safe hormone replacement regimen. J Reprod Med. 1999 Feb;44(2 Suppl):191-6. 

Vashisht A, Wadsworth F, Carey A, et al. A study to look at hormonal absorption of progesterone cream used in conjunction with transdermal estrogen. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2005 Aug;21(2):101-5. 

Calle EE, Miracle-McMahill HL, Thun MJ, Heath CW Jr. Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of fatal colon cancer in a prospective cohort of postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995 Apr 5;87(7):517-23.

Kaaks R, Berrino F, Key T, et al. Serum sex steroids in premenopausal women and breast cancer risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 May 18;97(10):755-65. 

Micheli A, Muti P, Secreto G, et al. Endogenous sex hormones and subsequent breast cancer in premenopausal women. Int J Cancer. 2004 Nov 1;112(2):312-8. 

Chlebowski RT, Kuller LH, Prentice RL, et al. Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 5;360(6):573-87. 

Stefanick ML, Anderson GL, Margolis KL, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. JAMA. 2006 Apr 12;295(14):1647-57. 

L'hermite M, Simoncini T, Fuller S, Genazzani AR. Could transdermal estradiol + progesterone be a safer postmenopausal HRT? A review. Maturitas. 2008 JulAug;60(3-4):185-201. 

Kaunitz AM. HT and breast cancer: does the type of progestin matter? OBG Management. 2007 June;19(6):31-35. Barbieri RL. More data on hormone therapy risks arrive to reshape practice. OBG Management. 2008 Aug;20(8). 

Holmberg L, Iversen OE, Rudenstam CM, et al. Increased risk of recurrence after hormone replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Apr 2;100(7):475-82. 

Fournier A, Berrino F, Clavel-Chapelon F. Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormone replacement therapies: results from the E3N cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008 Jan;107(1):103-11. 

de Lignieres B, de Vathaire F, Fournier S, et al. Combined hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer in a French cohort study of 3175 women. Climacteric. 2002;5:332-340. 

Kaaks R, Berrino F, Key T, et al. Serum sex steroids in premenopausal women and breast cancer risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 May 18;97(10):755-65. 

Mauvais-Jarvis P, Kuttenn F, Gompel A. Antiestrogen action of progesterone in breast tissue. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1986;8(3):179-88. 

Chang KJ, Lee TT, Linares-Cruz G, Fournier S, de Ligniéres B. Influences of percutaneous administration of estradiol and progesterone on human breast epithelial cell cycle in vivo. Fertil Steril. 1995 Apr;63(4):785-91. 

Hughes S. Endocrinologist association encourages hrt in younger women. Heartwire. 2008 Jan 7. Formby B, Wiley TS. Bcl-2, survivin and variant CD44 v7-v10 are downregulated and p53 is upregulated in breast cancer cells by progesterone: inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem. 1999 Dec;202(1-2):53-61. 

Moe BG, Vereide AB, Orbo A, Sager G. High concentrations of progesterone and mifepristone mutually reinforce cell cycle retardation and induction of apoptosis. Anticancer Res. 2009 Apr;29(4):1053-8. 

Wang H, Zhou L, Gupta A, Vethanayagam RR, et al. Regulation of BCRP/ABCG2 expression by progesterone and 17beta-estradiol in human placental BeWo cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 May;290(5):E798-807. 

Yu S, Lee M, Shin S, Park J. Apoptosis induced by progesterone in human ovarian cancer cell line SNU-840. J Cell Biochem. 2001;82(3):445-51. 

Cleary MP, Grossmann ME. Minireview: Obesity and breast cancer: the estrogen connection. Endocrinology. 2009 Jun;150(6):2537-42. 

Eisen A, Lubinski J, Gronwald J, et al. Hormone Therapy and the Risk of Breast Cancer in BRCA1 Mutation Carriers. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(19):1361- 1367.
Testosterone & Breast Cancer 

Radosh L. Drug treatments for polycystic ovary syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Apr 15;79(8):671-6.

Secreto G, Venturelli E, Meneghini E, et al. Testosterone and biological characteristics of breast cancers in postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Nov;18(11):2942-8. 

Schneider ME. Metformin regimen found to quell acne in polycystic ovary syndrome. Skin & Allergy News. 2007 October 1. Somboonporn W, Davis SR, et al. Testosterone effects on the breast: implications for testosterone therapy for women. Endocr Rev. 2004 Jun;25(3):374-88. 

Panzer C, Guay A. Testosterone replacement therapy in naturally and surgically menopausal women. J Sex Med. 2009 Jan;6(1):8-18. 

Dimitrakakis C, Zhou J, Bondy CA. Androgens and mammary growth and neoplasia. Fertil Steril. 2002 Apr;77 Suppl 4:S26-33. 

Burgess HE, Shousha S. An immunohistochemical study of the long-term effects of androgen administration on female-to-male transsexual breast: a comparison with normal female breast and male breast showing gynaecomastia. J Pathol. 1993 May;170(1):37-43. 

Christgau S, Tankó LB, Cloos PA, et al. Suppression of elevated cartilage turnover in postmenopausal women and in ovariectomized rats by estrogen and a selective estrogen-receptor modulator (SERM). Menopause. 2004 Sep-Oct;11(5):508-18. 

Hofling M, Hirschberg AL, Skoog L, et al. Testosterone inhibits estrogen/progestogeninduced breast cell proliferation in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2007 MarApr;14(2):183-90. 

Shufelt CL, Braunstein GD. Testosterone and the breast. Menopause Int. 2008 Sep;14(3):117-22. 

Davis SR, Hirschberg AL, Wagner LK, et al. The effect of transdermal testosterone on mammographic density in postmenopausal women not receiving systemic estrogen therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Dec;94(12):4907-13. 

Key T, Appleby P, Barnes I, et al. Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002 Apr 17;94(8):606-616. 

Lapointe J, Fournier A, Richard V, Labrie C. Androgens down-regulate bcl-2 protooncogene expression in ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells. Endocrinology. 1999 Jan;140(1):416-21. 

Zhou J, Ng S, Adesanya-Famuiya O, Anderson K, Bondy CA. Testosterone inhibits estrogen-induced mammary epithelial proliferation and suppresses estrogen receptor expression. FASEB J. 2000 Sep;14(12):1725-30. 

Ortmann J, Prifti S, Bohlmann MK, et al. Testosterone and 5 alphadihydrotestosterone inhibit in vitro growth of human breast cancer cell lines. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2002 Apr;16(2):113-20. 

Dimitrakakis C, Zhou J, Wang J, et al. A physiologic role for testosterone in limiting estrogenic stimulation of the breast. Menopause. 2003 Jul-Aug;10(4):292-8. 

Gooren L. Testosterone supplementation: why and for whom? Aging Male. 2003 Sep;6(3):184-99. 

Guidozzi F, Daponte A. Estrogen replacement therapy for ovarian carcinoma survivors: A randomized controlled trial. Cancer. 1999 Sep 15;86(6):1013-8. 

Bu SZ, Yin DL, Ren XH, et al. Progesterone induces apoptosis and up-regulation of p53 expression in human ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Cancer. 1997 May 15;79(10):1944-50. 

Sainz RM, Mayo JC, Tan DX, et al. Melatonin reduces prostate cancer cell growth leading to neuroendocrine differentiation via a receptor and PKA independent mechanism. Prostate. 2005 Apr 1;63(1):29-43. 

Schernhammer ES, Berrino F, Krogh V, et al. Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Jun 18;100(12):898-905. 

Durna EM, Wren BG, Heller GZ, et al. Hormone replacement therapy after a diagnosis of breast cancer: cancer recurrence and mortality. Med J Aust. 2002 Oct 7;177(7):347-51. 

DiSaia PJ, Brewster WR, Ziogas A, Anton-Culver H. Breast cancer survival and hormone replacement therapy: a cohort analysis. Am J Clin Oncol. 2000 Dec;23(6):541-545. 

Gramling R, Eaton CB, Rothman KJ, et al. Hormone Replacement Therapy, Family History, and Breast Cancer Risk Among Postmenopausal Women. Epidemiology. 2009 Sep;20(5):752-756. 

Eisen A, Lubinski J, Gronwald J, et al. Hormone therapy and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Oct 1;100(19):1361-1367. 

Chustecka Z. Exercise Reduces Risk for Premature Death From Cancer. Medscape. 2009 Aug 3. Accessed on February 20, 2013 from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/706533 

Splete H. High BMI found to raise risk for most cancers. OBGYN News. 2008 Mar:19. 

Worcester S. Young, healthy HRT users at low risk for CV event. Family Practice News. 2003 Jun 1. 33:11 

Franklin BA, Shephard RJ. Avoiding Repeat Cardiac Events: The ABCDESs of Tertiary Prevention. Phys Sportsmed. 2000 Sep;28(9):31-58. 


Recent rheumatology research results reported: American College of Rheumatology highlights current noteworthy studies. J of Muscoloskeletal Med. 2004 Aug 1.
Progesterone Optimization 

Toh S, Hernández-Díaz S, Logan R, et al. Coronary heart disease in postmenopausal recipients of estrogen plus progestin therapy: does the increased risk ever disappear? A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Feb 16;152(4):211-7. 

Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ. Estrogen for women at varying risk of coronary disease. Maturitas. 1998 Sep 20;30(1):19-26. 

Gerhard M, Walsh BW, Tawakol A, et al. Estradiol therapy combined with progesterone and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Circulation. 1998 Sep 22;98(12):1158-63. 

1. Kujala UM, Sarna S, Kaprio J, et al. Natural selection to sports, later physical activity habits, and coronary heart disease. Br J Sports Med. 2000 Dec;34(6):445-9.

 2. Davison KK, Birch LL. Weight status, parent reaction, and self-concept in fiveyear-old girls. Pediatrics. 2001 Jan;107(1):46-53. 

3. Grodstein F, Manson JE, Colditz GA, et al. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Dec 19;133(12):933-41. 

Johnson K. Oral contraceptives found protective against cardiovascular disease. Family Practice News. 2005 Aug 1. 


Siris ES, Miller PD, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Identification and fracture outcomes of undiagnosed low bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment. JAMA. 2001 Dec 12;286(22):2815-22. 

Johnson K. ERT boosts cognitive function no matter the age. (unable to find full reference) 

The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA. 1995 Jan 18;273(3):199-208. 

Henderson VW, Benke KS, Green RC, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and Alzheimer's disease risk: interaction with age. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 Jan;76(1):103-5. 

Harman SM, Vittinghoff E, Brinton EA, et al. Timing and duration of menopausal hormone treatment may affect cardiovascular outcomes. Am J Med. 2011 Mar;124(3):199-205. 

Cooper AJ, White MI. Use of Pro-Gest cream in postmenopausal women. The Lancet. 1998 Sept 12;352:905-906. 

Wren BG, McFarland K, Edwards L. Micronised transdermal progesterone and endometrial response. Lancet. 1999 Oct 23;354(9188):1447-8. 

Harman SM, Vittinghoff E, Brinton EA, et al. Timing and duration of menopausal hormone treatment may affect cardiovascular outcomes. Am J Med. 2011 Mar;124(3):199-205.
Progesterone Optimization 

Toh S, Hernández-Díaz S, Logan R, et al. Coronary heart disease in postmenopausal recipients of estrogen plus progestin therapy: does the increased risk ever disappear? A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Feb 16;152(4):211-7. 

Pinkerton JV. Bioidentical hormones: What you (and your patient) need to know. The J of Fam Practice. 2009 Jan;21(1). Tai PL. Avoid Common Pitfalls, Mistakes, and 87% Failures of Anti Aging Saliva Hormone Testing, The America Academy of Anti Aging Medicine 15th Annual International Congress on Anti aging Medicine & Regenerative Biomedical Technologies, Orlando, Florida, April 26, 2007. 

Boothby LA, Doering PL, Kipersztok S. Bioidentical hormone therapy: a review. Menopause. 2004 May-Jun;11(3):356-67. 

Ilyia ER, McLure D, Farhat MY. Long- Term Effects of Topical Progesterone Cream Application: A Case Study. Inter J of Pharmaceutical Compounding. June 1998. 

Gavrilova N, Lindau ST. Salivary sex hormone measurement in a national, population-based study of older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2009 Nov;64:i94-105. 

Arregger AL, Contreras LN, Tumilasci OR, et al. Salivary testosterone: a reliable approach to the diagnosis of male hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol. 2007 Nov;67(5):656-62. 

Stanczyk FZ, Paulson RJ, Roy S. Percutaneous administration of progesterone: blood levels and endometrial protection. Menopause. 2005 Mar;12(2):232-7. 

Vashisht A, Wadsworth F, Carey A, Carey B, Studd J. A study to look at hormonal absorption of progesterone cream used in conjunction with transdermal estrogen. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2005 Aug;21(2):101-5. 

MacFarland SA. Use of Pro-Gest cream in postmenopausal women. The Lancet. 1998 Sept 12;352:905. Taylor-Robinson D, Ong G, Thomas BJ, Rose ML, Yacoub MH. Chlamydia pneumoniae in vascular tissues from heart-transplant donors. Lancet. 1998 Apr 25;351(9111):1255. 

Wren BG, McFarland K, Edwards L. Micronised transdermal progesterone and endometrial response. Lancet. 1999 Oct 23;354(9188):1447-8. 

Peck JD, Hulka BS, Poole C, et al. Steroid hormone levels during pregnancy and incidence of maternal breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Apr;11(4):361-8. 

Lewis JG, McGill H, Patton VM, Elder PA. Caution on the use of saliva measurements to monitor absorption of progesterone from transdermal creams in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2002 Jan 30;41(1):1-6. de 

Lignières B. Effects of progestogens on the postmenopausal breast. Climacteric. 2002 Sep;5(3):229-35.

Formby B, Wiley TS. Bcl-2, survivin and variant CD44 v7-v10 are downregulated and p53 is upregulated in breast cancer cells by progesterone: inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem. 1999 Dec;202(1-2):53-61. 

McCrohon JA, Nakhla S, Jessup W, et al. Estrogen and progesterone reduce lipid accumulation in human monocyte-derived macrophages: a sex-specific effect. Circulation. 1999 Dec 7;100(23):2319-25. 

Chang KJ, Lee TT, Linares-Cruz G, Fournier S, de Ligniéres B. Influences of percutaneous administration of estradiol and progesterone on human breast epithelial cell cycle in vivo. Fertil Steril. 1995 Apr;63(4):785-91. 

Blake EJ, Norris PM, Dorfman SF, et al. Single and multidose pharmacokinetic study of a vaginal micronized progesterone insert (Endometrin) compared with vaginal gel in healthy reproductive-aged female subjects. Fertil Steril. 2010 Sep;94(4):1296- 301. 

Schumacher M, Guennoun R, Ghoumari A, et al. Novel perspectives for progesterone in hormone replacement therapy, with special reference to the nervous system. Endocr Rev. 2007 Jun;28(4):387-439. 

Darbinian JA, Ferrara AM, Van Den Eeden SK, et al. Glycemic status and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Mar;17(3):628-35. 

Rhoden EL, Morgentaler A. Risks of Testosterone-Replacement Therapy and Recommendations for Monitoring. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(5):482-492.
Testosterone Administration 

Vermeulen A. Androgen replacement therapy in the aging male--a critical evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jun;86(6):2380-90. 

Hajjar RR, Kaiser FE, Morley JE. Outcomes of long-term testosterone replacement in older hypogonadal males: a retrospective analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Nov;82(11):3793-6. 

Fairbanks VF. What to include in the workup of an elevated hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit? (Hematology Q&A). Consultant. 2003 Jun 1. Thompson PD, Cullinane EM, Sady SP, et al. Contrasting effects of testosterone and stanozolol on serum lipoprotein levels. JAMA. 1989 Feb 24;261(8):1165-8. 

Darbinian JA, Ferrara AM, Van Den Eeden SK, et al. Glycemic status and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Mar;17(3):628-35. 

Kapoor D, Goodwin E, Channer KS, Jones TH. Testosterone replacement therapy improves insulin resistance, glycaemic control, visceral adiposity and hypercholesterolaemia in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Jun;154(6):899-906. 

Gooren L. The role of testosterone in erectile function and dysfunction. J of Men's Health & Gender. 2006 Sept;3(3):292-298. 

Al-Futaisi AM, Al-Zakwani IS, Almahrezi AM, Morris D. Subcutaneous administration of testosterone. A pilot study report. Saudi Med J. 2006 Dec;27(12):1843-6. 

Tsujimura A, Matsumiya K, Takao T, et al. Treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin for PADAM: a preliminary report. Aging Male. 2005 Sep-Dec;8(3- 4):175-9. 

Shabsigh A, Kang Y, Shabsign R, et al. Clomiphene citrate effects on testosterone/estrogen ratio in male hypogonadism. J Sex Med. 2005 Sep;2(5):716- 21. 

Taylor F, Levine L. Clomiphene citrate and testosterone gel replacement therapy for male hypogonadism: efficacy and treatment cost. J Sex Med. 2010 Jan;7(1 Pt 1):269-76. 

Potenza M, Shimshi M. Male hypogonadism: The unrecognized cardiovascular risk factor. J Clin Lipidol. 2008 Apr;2(2):71-8. 

Hanafy HM. Testosterone therapy and obstructive sleep apnea: is there a real connection? J Sex Med. 2007 Sep;4(5):1241-6. 

Gascón A, Belvis JJ, Berisa F, et al. Nandrolone decanoate is a good alternative for the treatment of anemia in elderly male patients on hemodialysis. Geriatr Nephrol Urol. 1999;9(2):67-72. 

Santora LJ, Marin J, Vangrow J, et al. Coronary calcification in body builders using anabolic steroids. Prev Cardiol. 2006 Fall;9(4):198-201. 

Low Testosterone in a Man With Prostate Cancer: What Are His Options? Consultant Live. 2006 Dec 31. Accessed on February 20, 2013 from http://www.consultantlive.com/display/article/10162/38484 

Morgentaler A. A 66-Year-Old Man With Sexual Dysfunction. JAMA. 2004;291(24):2994-3003. 

Hedrick RE, Ackerman RT, Koltun WD, et al. Transdermal estradiol gel 0.1% for the treatment of vasomotorsymptoms in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2009 JanFeb;16(1):132-40.
Update on HGH 

Cummings DE, Merriam GR. Age-related changes in growth hormone secretion: should the somatopause be treated? Semin Reprod Endocrinol. 1999;17(4):311-25. 

Simpson H, Savine R, Sönksen P, et al. Growth hormone replacement therapy for adults: Into the new millennium. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2002 Feb;12(1):1-33. 

Jørgensen AP, Fougner KJ, Ueland T, et al. Favorable long-term effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on quality of life, bone metabolism, body composition and lipid levels in patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-75.
Thyroid & CVD vs. Osteoporosis 

Feld S, Dickey RA. An Association Between Varying Degrees of Hypothyroidism and Hypercholesterolemia in Women: The Thyroid-Cholesterol Connection. Prev Cardiol. 2001 Autumn;4(4):179-182. 

Ojamaa K. Thyroid Hormone Therapy of Cardiovascular Disease. CVR & R. 2002;23:20-26. 

Garrison RL, Breeding PC. A metabolic basis for fibromyalgia and its related disorders: the possible role of resistance to thyroid hormone. Med Hypotheses. 2003 Aug;61(2):182-9. 

Teitelbaum J. More Than Meets The Eye. Healthy Aging. 2(5):75-78. Accessed on February 20, 2013 from http://healthy-aging.advanceweb.com/article/more-thanmeets-the-eye-2.aspx 

Shomon M. The thyroid treatment/osteoporosis controversy: Does thyroid treatment contribute to loss of bone density? Thyroid Info. Accessed on February 20, 2013 from http://www.thyroid-info.com/articles/osteoporosis.htm 

Thomasson WA. WCO: Thyroid Supplementation Does Not Increase Osteoporosis Risk. Doctor's Guide. 2000 Jun 17. Accessed on February 20, 2013 from http://www.pslgroup.com/dg/1d62e2.htm 

De Rosa G, Testa A, Maussier ML, et al. A slightly suppressive dose of L-thyroxine does not affect bone turnover and bone mineral density in pre- and postmenopausal women with nontoxic goitre. Horm Metab Res. 1995 Nov;27(11):503-7. 

Stall GM, Harris S, Sokoll LJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Accelerated bone loss in hypothyroid patients overtreated with L-thyroxine. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Aug 15;113(4):265-9. 

Franklyn JA, Betteridge J, Daykin J, et al. Long-term thyroxine treatment and bone mineral density. Lancet. 1992 Jul 4;340(8810):9-13. 

Schneider DL, Barrett-Connor EL, Morton DJ. Thyroid hormone use and bone mineral density in elderly men. Arch Intern Med. 1995 Oct 9;155(18):2005-7. 

Kung AW, Yeung SS. Prevention of bone loss induced by thyroxine suppressive therapy in postmenopausal women: the effect of calcium and calcitonin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Mar;81(3):1232-6. 

Nuzzo V, Lupoli G, Esposito Del Puente A, et al. Bone mineral density in premenopausal women receiving levothyroxine suppressive therapy. Gynecol Endocrinol. 1998 Oct;12(5):333-7. 

Fujiyama K, Kiriyama T, Ito M, et al. Suppressive doses of thyroxine do not accelerate age-related bone loss in late postmenopausal women. Thyroid. 1995 Feb;5(1):13-7. 

Sheppard MC, Holder R, Franklyn JA. Levothyroxine treatment and occurrence of fracture of the hip. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Feb 11;162(3):338-43. 

Greenspan SL, Greenspan FS. The effect of thyroid hormone on skeletal integrity. Ann Intern Med. 1999 May 4;130(9):750-8. 

Shomon MJ, Cline W. Is Thyroid Medication Going to Give You Osteoporosis? Experts Evaluate the Risks. About.com. 2004 Mar 11. Accessed February 20, 2013 from http://thyroid.about.com/cs/osteoporosis/a/osteoporosis.htm 

Van Den Eeden SK, Barzilay JI, Ettinger B, Minkoff J. Thyroid hormone use and the risk of hip fracture in women > or = 65 years: a case-control study. J Womens Health. 2003 Jan-Feb;12(1):27-31. 

LRA by ELISA/ACT clinical update #16: Autoimmune thyroiditis:1-6.

DHEA Update

Pepping J. DHEA: dehydroepiandrosterone. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000 Nov 15;57(22):2048-50, 2053-4, 2056.
HRT & Weight Gain 

Chmouliovsky L, Habicht F, James RW, et al. Beneficial effect of hormone replacement therapy on weight loss in obese menopausal women. Maturitas. 1999 Aug 16;32(3):147-53. 

Mayes JS, Watson GH. Direct effects of sex steroid hormones on adipose tissues and obesity. Obes Rev. 2004 Nov;5(4):197-216. 

OHSU researchers uncover cause, possible treatment for abdominal fat in postmenopausal women. 2005 Jun 6. Accessed on February 22, 2013 from http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2005-06/ohs-oru060605.php 

Female Patient. 2001 April;26:18-24. Goldman EL. 'Syndrome W' in Perimenopausal Women. Family Practice News. 1999 July 1. 

Simkin-Silverman LR, Wing RR. Weight gain during menopause: Is it inevitable or can it be prevented? Postgraduate Med. 2000 Sept 1. 108(3):47-55. 

Menopause matters. The Female Patient. 2000 Sept;25:61. 

Preventive Cardiology 

Stukel TA, Lucas FL, Wennberg DE. Long-term outcomes of regional variations in intensity of invasive vs medical management of Medicare Patients with acute myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2005 Mar 16;293(11):1329-37. 

Chrysant SG, Ibrahim M. Niacin-ER/statin combination for the treatment of dyslipidemia: focus on low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. J Clin Hypertens. 2006 Jul;8(7):493-9. 

Despite Advances, Coronary Heart Disease Deaths Rise. Emergency Medicine News. 2001;23(8):42-43. 

Dayspring TD. Coronary artery disease prevention in women. The Female Patient. 2001 Jan;26:47-53.

Sacco RL, Benson RT, Kargman DE, et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and ischemic stroke in the elderly: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. JAMA. 2001 Jun 6;285(21):2729-35. 

Brincat MP, Baron Y, Galea R. Estrogens and the skin. Climacteric. 2005;8:110-123. Goldman EL. Ert benefits skin thickness, elasticity. Mayeaux EJ, Johnson C. Current concepts in postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. J Fam Pract. 1996 Jul;43(1):69-75. 

Schmidt JB, Binder M, Demschik G, Bieglmayer C, Reiner A. Treatment of Skin Aging with Topical Estrogens. Int J of Pharma Compounding. 1998 Jul/Aug. 

Boschert S. Help Patients Assess Antiaging Product Claims. Family Practice News. 1999 July 1 

Baumann LS. Cosmeceutical Critique: Soy and its isoflavones. Skin & Allergy News. 2001 Aug;17. 

Schmidt JB, Binder M, Demschik G, et al. Treatment of skin aging with topical estrogens. Int J Dermatol. 1996 Sep;35(9):669-74. 

Dunn LB, Damesyn M, Moore AA, et al. Does estrogen prevent skin aging? Results from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I). Arch Dermatol. 1997 Mar;133(3):339-42. 

Hargrove JT, Osteen KG. An alternative method of hormone replacement therapy using the natural sex steroids. Infert Repro Med Clin N Am. 1995;6:653-674. 

Cardiology Case Management 

HDL better predictor of ischemic stroke than LDL triglycerides. Cardiology Review. 2005 Mar. 22(3):529. 

Clinical Insights in Diabetes. National Diabetes Education Initiative. Accessed on February 22, 2013. http://www.ndei.org/Clinical-Insights-in-Diabetes.aspx 

Guyton JR, Blazing MA, Hagar J, et al. Extended-release niacin vs gemfibrozil for the treatment of low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Niaspan-Gemfibrozil Study Group. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Apr 24;160(8):1177-84. 

Cost effectiveness of Statins. Hospital Practice. 2000 July 15. 24(7):33. 

Sadovsky R. Increasing low levels of high-density lipoprotein. Am Fam Physician. 2001 Jun 15;63(12):2435-2436. 

Boden WE. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as an independent risk factor in cardiovascular disease: assessing the data from Framingham to the Veterans Affairs High--Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial. Am J Cardiol. 2000 Dec 21;86(12A):19L-22L. 

Piepho RW. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of agents proven to raise high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Cardiol. 2000 Dec 21;86(12A):35L-40L. 

Sprecher DL. Raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with niacin and fibrates: a comparative review. Am J Cardiol. 2000 Dec 21;86(12A):46L-50L. 

Jancin B. Testosterone replacement curbs inflammatory cytokines. Clinical Psychiatry News. 2004 May. 

Kain D. First comprehensive paper on statins' adverse effects released. 2009 Jan 26. Accessed on February 22, 2012 from http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009- 01/uoc--fcp012609.php 

Lu Z, Kou W, Du B, et al. Effect of Xuezhikang, an extract from red yeast Chinese rice, on coronary events in a Chinese population with previous myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2008 Jun 15;101(12):1689-93. 

Becker DJ, Gordon RY, Halbert SC, et al. Red yeast rice for dyslipidemia in statinintolerant patients: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Jun 16;150(12):830-9, W147-9. 

Ray KK, Seshasai SR, Erqou S, et al. Statins and all-cause mortality in high-risk primary prevention: a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 65,229 participants. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Jun 28;170(12):1024-31. 

Heber D, Lembertas A, Lu QY, Bowerman S, Go VL. An analysis of nine proprietary Chinese red yeast rice dietary supplements: implications of variability in chemical profile and contents. J Altern Complement Med. 2001 Apr;7(2):133-9.

Gordon RY, Cooperman T, Obermeyer W, Becker DJ. Marked variability of monacolin levels in commercial red yeast rice products: buyer beware! Arch Intern Med. 2010 Oct 25;170(19):1722-7. 

Cziraky MJ, Watson KE, Talbert RL. Targeting low HDL-cholesterol to decrease residual cardiovascular risk in the managed care setting. J Manag Care Pharm. 2008 Oct;14(8 Suppl):S3-28; quiz S30-1. 

Ling L, Zhao SP, Gao M, et al. Vitamin C preserves endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease after a high-fat meal. Clin Cardiol. 2002 May;25(5):219- 24. 

Bays HE, Tighe AP, Sadovsky R, Davidson MH. Prescription omega-3 fatty acids and their lipid effects: physiologic mechanisms of action and clinical implications. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2008 Mar;6(3):391-409. 

Heber D, Lembertas A, Lu QY, Bowerman S, Go VL. An analysis of nine proprietary Chinese red yeast rice dietary supplements: implications of variability in chemical profile and contents. J Altern Complement Med. 2001 Apr;7(2):133-9. 

Gordon RY, Cooperman T, Obermeyer W, Becker DJ. Marked variability of monacolin levels in commercial red yeast rice products: buyer beware! Arch Intern Med. 2010 Oct 25;170(19):1722-7. 

Yancy WS, Voleck JS, Westman EC. Nonfasting Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Risk. JAMA. 2007;298(17):2004-2008 

Macready N. New pyramid reflects preventive role of nutrients: food and supplements for older adults. Family Practice News. 2003 Sept 1:29.
PCOS 

Jancin B. Hyperinsulinemia, Not Ovaries, at Core of PCOS. Family Practice News. 2001 Jan 15:26. 

Samraj G. How should I manage this young woman with menstrual abnormalities and hirsutism? Family Practice Recertification. 2001 Dec;23(14)608-610. 

Hunter MH, Sterrett J. Polycystic ovary syndrome: It's not just infertility. American Family Physician. 2000 Sept 1;62(5):1079-1087. 

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Apr 15;79(8). 

Richardson MR. Current perspectives in polycystic ovary syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Aug 15;68(4):697-704.

Alopecia

Lohr E. Alopecia nearly epidemic in black women; hairstyles blamed: tight braids, extensions. Family Practice News. 2004 Jun 1.

Bandaranayake I, Mirmirani P. Hair loss remedies--separating fact from fiction. Cutis. 2004 Feb;73(2):107-14.

Mounsey AL, Reed SW. Diagnosing and treating hair loss. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Aug 15;80(4):356-62.

Osteoporosis & Estrogen Metabolites 

Weinerman SA, Miller EH. Foreword: The osteoporosis problem redefined. J of Muscoskeletal Med. 2007 Jun:S3. 

Yates J, Barrett-Connor E, Barlas S, et al. Rapid loss of hip fracture protection after estrogen cessation: evidence from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Mar;103(3):440-446. 

Miller KE. Osteoporosis prevention in postmenopausal women. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Sep 1;72(5):926-928. 

Jancin B. Hormones studied to promote bone formation. Family Practice News. 2001 Nov 1. 

Simon JA, Mack CJ. Preventing osteoporosis and improving compliance with HRT. Contemporary OB/GYN for the Nurse Practitioner. In: Bachmann GA. HRT putting the latest into practice. 2001:4-9. 

Sutton R, Dian L, Guy P. Osteoporosis in men: An underrecognized and undertreated problem. BCMJ. 2011 Dec: 53(10):535-540. 

Walsh N. Dietary Supplement Ipriflavone Stems Bone Loss. Family Practice News. 2001 Apr 15;31(8):32. 

Daniell HW. Periodontitis in estrogen-deficient women. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Dec 9- 23;162(22):2634-5. 

Civitelli R, Pilgram TK, Dotson M, et al. Alveolar and postcranial bone density in postmenopausal women receiving hormone/estrogen replacement therapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Jun 24;162(12):1409-15. 

Paganini-Hill A. The benefits of estrogen replacement therapy on oral health. The Leisure World cohort. Arch Intern Med. 1995 Nov 27;155(21):2325-9. 

Villareal DT, Binder EF, Williams DB, et al. Bone mineral density response to estrogen replacement in frail elderly women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001 Aug 15;286(7):815-20. 

Vogel JJ. Selecting Bioidentical Hormone Therapy. Götherström G, Svensson J, Koranyi J, et al. A prospective study of 5 years of GH replacement therapy in GH-deficient adults: sustained effects on body composition, bone mass, and metabolic indices. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Oct;86(10):4657- 65. 

Franco C, Brandberg J, Lonn L, et al. Growth hormone treatment reduces abdominal visceral fat in postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity: A 12-month placebocontrolled trial. JCEM. 2005;90: 1466-1474. 

Birge SJ. Nonvertebral "osteoporotic" fractures: a brain disease or bone disease? Menopause. 2007 Jan-Feb;14(1):1-2.
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