BHRT

Section 1 - Intro to Optimal Hormone Replacement Therapy and Literature Review

Seidman SN. The therapeutic uses of hormones in psychiatry. Psychiatric Annals. 2000;30(2):1-76.

Zarrouf FA, Artz S, Griffith J, et al. Testosterone and depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Pract. 2009 Jul;15(4):289-305.

Biomedicina. 2000 Jan; 3(1):6-7. Brains, hormones and more behind women's aging. Vitiello MV. Effective treatments for age-related sleep disturbances. Geriatrics.

1999 Nov;54(11):47-52.

Action of the AMA House of Delegates 2009 Annual Meeting: Council on Science and Public Health Report. The use of hormones for "antiaging": A review of efficacy and safety. Report 5 of the council on science and public health (A-09). 2009:1-17.

Zyprexa case costs lily 1.4 billion. Similar article can be found at http://www.ibj.corn/lilly-settles-zyprexa-marketing-suit-for-14- billion/PARAMS/article/32981

Gotherstrom G, Bengtsson BA, Bosaeus I, et al. A 10-year, prospective study of the metabolic effects of growth hormone replacement in adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Apr;92(4):1442-1445.

Gotherstrom G, Elbomsson M, Stibrant-Sunnerhagen K, et al. Ten years of growth hormone (GH) replacement normalizes muscle strength in OH-deficient adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Mar;94(3):809-816.

Sattler FR, Castaneda-Sceppa C, Binder EF, et al. Testosterone and growth hormone improve body composition and muscle performance in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jun;94(6):1991-2001.

Wiren L, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G. Beneficial effects oflong-term GH replacement therapy on quality of life in adults with GH deficiency. Clin Endocrinol. 1998 May;48(5):613-620.

Barclay L. Growth Hormone Reduces Weight, Fat Mass But Not Lean Body Mass. Medscape. 2004 Feb 26.

Mayes JS, Watson GH. Direct effects of sex steroid hormones on adipose tissues and obesity. Obes Rev. 2004 Nov;5(4):197-216.

OHSU Researchers Uncover Cause, Possible Treatment For Abdominal Fat In

Postmenopausal Women. Oregon Health & Science University. 2005 June 11.

Villareal DT, Holloszy JO. Effect of DHEA on abdominal fat and insulin action in elderly women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Nov

10;292( 18):2243-2248.

Marin P. Testosterone and regional fat distribution. Obesity Res. 1995 Nov;3(4):609S-612S.

Marin P, Holmang S, Jonsson L, et al. The effects of testosterone treatment on body composition and metabolism in middle-aged obese men. Int J Obes Re/at Metab Disord. 1992 Dec;16(12):991-997.

Maggio M, Lauretani F, Ceda GP, et al. Relationship between low levels of anabolic hormones and 6-year mortality in older men: the aging in the Chianti Area (InCHIANTI) study. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Nov 12;167(20):2249-2254.

Ginsberg TB, Cavalieri TA. Androgen deficiency in the aging male: The beginning, the middle, and the ongoing. Clinical Geriatrics. 2008 April:25-28.

Shores MM, Matsumoto AM, Sloan KL, et al. Low serum testosterone and mortality in male veterans. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Aug 14-28;166(15):1660-1665.

Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E, Bergstrom J. Low serum testosterone and mortality in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jan;93(1):68-75.

Khaw KT, Dowsett M, Folkerd E, et al. Endogenous testosterone and mortality due to all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in men: European prospective investigation into cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) Prospective Population Study.

Circulation. 2007 Dec 4;116(23):2694-701.

Maggio M, Lauretani F, Ceda GP, et al. Relationship between low levels of anabolic hormones and 6-year mortality in older men: the aging in the Chianti Area (InCHIANTI) study. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Nov 12;167(20):2249-54.

Hak AE, Witteman JC, de Jong FH, et al. Low levels of endogenous androgens increase the risk of atherosclerosis in elderly men: the Rotterdam study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Aug;87(8):3632-3639.

Labrie F, Luu-The V, Labrie C, et al. Endocrine and intracrine sources of androgens in women: inhibition of breast cancer and other roles of androgens and their precursor dehydroepiandrosterone. Endocr Rev. 2003 Apr;24(2):152-182.

Krapf JM, Simon JA. The role of testosterone in the management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2009 Jul 20;63(3):213-9.

Fitzpatrick LA, Pace C, Wiita B. Comparison of regimens containing oral micronized progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate on quality of life in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional survey. J Womens Health Gend Based Med.

2000 May;9(4):381-7.

Ryan N, Rosner A. Quality of life and costs associated with micronized progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate in hormone replacement therapy for nonhysterectomized, postmenopausal women. Clin Ther. 2001 Jul;23(7):1099-1115.

Guay AT. Advances in the management of androgen deficiency in women. Med Asp Hum Sex. 2001;1:32-38.

Garrison RL, Breeding PC. A metabolic basis for fibromyalgia and its related disorders: the possible role ofresistance to thyroid hormone. Med Hypotheses. 2003 Aug;61(2):182-189.

Brunk D. How much testosterone needed to enhance women's sexual desire?

Family Practice News. 2000 Nov 15.

Christ ER, Carroll PV, Russell-Jones DL, Sonk:sen PH. The consequences of growth hormone deficiency in adulthood, and the effects of growth hormone replacement.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1997 Aug 30;127(35):1440-1449.

Hallegua DS. Managing fibromyalgia: A comprehensive approach -- Drug therapy addresses core symptoms, pain initiators, associated syndromes. The J of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2005 Aug 1.

Braunstein GD. Androgen insufficiency in women. Growth Horm JGF Res. 2006 Jul;16 Suppl A:S109-Sl 17.

Kotz K, Alexander JL, Dennerstein L. Estrogen and androgen hormone therapy and well-being in surgically postmenopausal women. J Womens Health. 2006 Oct;15(8):898-908.

Pope HG Jr, Cobane GH, Kanayama G, et al. Testosterone gel supplementation for men with refractory depression: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Jan;160(1):105-111.

Almeida OP, Yeap BB, et al. Low free testosterone concentration as a potentially treatable cause of depressive symptoms in older men. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008 Mar;65(3):283-289.

Schmidt PJ, Daly RC, Bloch M, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone monotherapy in midlife onset major and minor depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;62(2): 154-

162.

Cooper-Kazaz R, Apter JT, Cohen R, et al. Combined treatment with sertraline and liothyronine in major depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;64(6):679-688.

Freeman EW. Associations of depression with the transition to menopause.

Menopause. 2010 Jul;17(4):823-827.

Muller M, Aleman A, Grobbee DE, et al. Endogenous sex hormone levels and cognitive function in aging men: is there an optimal level? Neurology. 2005 Mar 8;64(5):866-871.

Davis SR, Shah SM, McKenzie DP, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels are associated with more favorable cognitive function in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Mar;93(3):801-808.

Shifren, Jan L. MD1; Davis, Susan R. MD2; Moreau, Michele MD3; et al. Testosterone patch for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in naturally menopausal women: results from the INTIMATE NMl Study. Menopause. 2006 September/October 2006;13(5):770-779.

Fukui M, Kitagawa Y, Nakamura N, et al. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentration and carotid atherosclerosis in men with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2005 Aug;18;1(2):339-344.

Kapoor D, Goodwin E, Channer KS. Testosterone replacement therapy improves insulin resistance, glycaemic control, visceral adiposity and hypercholesterolaemia in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Jun;154(6):899-906.

Morley, John E. Male menopause is underdiagnosed and undertreated. Medical Crossfire. 2001 Jan;3(1).

Rice D, Brannigan RE, Campbell RK, et al. Men's health, low testosterone, and diabetes: individualized treatment and a multidisciplinary approach. Diabetes Educ. 2008

Nov-Dec;34(5):97S-l 12S.

Karim R, Mack WJ, Lobo RA, et al. Determinants of the effect of estrogen on the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial. Menopause. 2005 Jul-Aug;l2(4):366-373.

Gambrell RD. Menopause. In: Rakel RE, Bope ET, eds. Conn's Current Therapy.

2004. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2004.

Zandi PP, Carlson MC, Plassman BL, et al. Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of Alzheimer disease in older women: The Cache County Study. JAMA. 2002 Nov 6;288(17):2123-2129.

Biomedicina. 2000 Jan;3(1):6-7. (unable to find full article title)

The Female Patient. 2000 Nov. (Couldn't find full reference) Shomon M. Is Your Hypothyroidism UNDERtreated? 2005 Aug 31.

http://thyroid.about.com/cs/hypothyroidism/a/undertreated.htm. Accessed December

2012.

Friedman T. Hypothyroidism Diagnosis and Treatment, with Ted Friedman, MD

2006 January 6. http://thyroid.about.com/cs/hashimotos/a/tedfriedman_2.htm. Accessed

December 2012.

Kedziora-Komatowska K, Beszczynska-Oles R, Komatowski T, Szadujkis- Szadurski

L. The analysis of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate concentration in elderly age women depending on coexisting disease states. Adv Med Sci. 2007;52(1):126-130.

Genazzani AR, Pluchino N, Begliuomini S, et al. Long-term low-dose oral administration of dehydroepiandrosterone modulates adrenal response to adrenocorticotropic hormone in early and late postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2006 Nov;22(1 l):627-635.

Tellez N, Comabella M, Julia E, et al. Fatigue in progressive multiple sclerosis is associated with low levels of dehydroepiandrosterone. Mult Seier. 2006 Aug;12(4):487- 494.

Maes M, Mihaylova I, De Ruyter M. Decreased dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate but normal insulin-like growth factor in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): relevance for the inflammatory response in CFS. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2005 Oct;26(5):487-492.

Villareal DT, Holloszy JO. Effect of DHEA on abdominal fat and insulin action in elderly women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Nov

10;292(18):2243-2248.

Nordmark G, Bengtsson C, Larsson A, et al. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone supplement on health-related quality of life in glucocorticoid treated female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity. 2005 Nov;38(7):53 l-540.

Von Milhlen D, Laughlin GA, Kritz-Silverstein D, et al. Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation on bone mineral density, bone markers, and body composition in older adults: the DAWN trial. Osteoporos Int. 2008 May;19(5):699- 707.

Davis SR, Shah SM, McKenzie DP, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels are associated with more favorable cognitive function in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Mar;93(3):801-808.

Alhaj HA, Massey AE, McAllister-Williams RH. Effects of DHEA administration on episodic memory, cortisol and mood in healthy young men: a double-blind, placebo controlled study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 Nov;188(4):541-551.

Rhoden EL, Morgen taler A. Risks of testosterone-replacement therapy and recommendations for monitoring. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jan 29;350(5):482-492.

Section 2- Literature Review of HGH

Rudman D, Feller AG, Nagraj HS, et al. Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N Engl J Med. 1990 Jul 5;323(1):1-6.

Vance ML, Mauras N. Growth Hormone Therapy in Adults and Children. N Engl J Med. 1999 Oct; 341:1206-1216.

Fazio S, Sabatini D, Capaldo B, et al. A preliminary study of growth hormone in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1996 Mar 28;334(13):809-814.

Blackman MR, Sorkin JD, Munzer T, et al. Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 Nov 13;288(18):2282-2292.

Barclay L. Growth Hormone Reduces Weight, Fat Mass But Not Lean Body Mass. Medscape. 2004 February 26.

Simpson H, Savine R, Sonksen P, et al. Growth hormone replacement therapy for adults: into the new millennium. Growth Harm IGF Res. 2002 Feb;12(1):1-

33.

Albert SG, Mooradian AD. Low-dose recombinant human growth hormone as adjuvant therapy to lifestyle modifications in the management of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Feb;89(2):695-70l.

Giannoulis MG, Sonksen PH, Umpleby M, et al. The effects of growth hormone and/or testosterone in healthy elderly men: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Feb;91(2):477-484.

Colao A, Di Somma C, Spiezia S, et al. Growth hormone treatment on atherosclerosis: results of a 5-year open, prospective, controlled study in male patients with severe growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Sep;93(9):3416-

24.

Murray RD, Wieringa GE, Lissett CA, et al. Low-dose GH replacement improves the adverse lipid profile associated with the adult GH deficiency syndrome. Clin Endocrinol. 2002 Apr;56(4):525-532.

Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Plat L. Age-related changes in slow wave sleep and REM sleep and relationship with growth hormone and cortisol levels in healthy men. JAMA. 2000 Aug 16;284(7):861-868.

Yazdanpanah M, Rietveld I, Janssen JA, et al. An insulin-like growth factor-I promoter polymorphism is associated with increased mortality in subjects with myocardial infarction in an elderly Caucasian population. Am J Cardiol. 2006 May 1;97(9):1274-1276.

- Human Growth Hormone

Gibney J, Wallace JD, Spinks T, et al. The effects of 10 years of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) in adult GR-deficient patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.

1999 Aug;84(8):2596-2602.

Gotherstrom G, Bengtsson BA, Bosaeus I, et al. A 10-year, prospective study of the metabolic effects of growth hormone replacement in adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Apr;92(4):1442-1445.

Muller M, Aleman A, Grobbee DE, et al. Endogenous sex hormone levels and cognitive function in aging men: is there an optimal level? Neurology. 2005 Mar 8;64(5):866-871.

Heufelder AE, Saad F, Bunck MC, Gooren L. Fifty-two-week treatment with diet and exercise plus transdermal testosterone reverses the metabolic syndrome and improves glycemic control in men with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and subnormal plasma testosterone. J Andra!. 2009 Nov-Dec;30(6):726-733.

Jancin B. Testosterone replacement curbs inflammatory cytokines. Clinical Psychiatry News. 2004 May

Selvin E, Feinleib M, Zhang L, et al. Androgens and diabetes in men: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).

Diabetes Care. 2007 Feb;30(2):234-238.

English KM, Steeds RP, Jones TH, et al. Low-dose transdermal testosterone therapy improves angina threshold in men with chronic stable angina: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Circulation. 2000 Oct 17; l 02(16):1906-1911.

Gaby, A. R. DHEA: The hormone that does it all. Holistic Medicine. 1993 Spring:19- 23.

Villareal DT, Holloszy JO. Effect of DHEA on abdominal fat and insulin action in elderly women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Nov 10;292(18):2243-2248.

Van Vollenhoven RF, Morabito LM, Engleman EG, McGuire JL. Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus with dehydroepiandrosterone: 50 patients treated up to 12 months. J Rheumatol. 1998 Feb;25(2):285-289.

Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, Roberts E, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment of depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Feb 1;41(3):311-318.

Herrington DM. Dehydroepiandrosterone and coronary atherosclerosis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1995 Dec 29;774:271-280.

Barrett-Connor E, Khaw KT, Yen SS. A prospective study of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, mortality, and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med.

1986 Dec l 1;315(24):1519-1524.

Gordon GB, Bush DE, Weisman HF. Reduction of atherosclerosis by administration of dehydroepiandrosterone. A study in the hypercholesterolemic New Zealand white rabbit with aortic intimal injury. J Clin Invest. 1988 Aug;82(2):712-720.

Morales AJ, Nolan JJ, Nelson JC, Yen SS. Effects ofreplacement dose of dehydroepiandrosterone in men and women of advancing age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Jun;78(6):1360-1367.

Wiren L, Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G. Beneficial effects of long-term GH replacement therapy on quality of life in adults with GH deficiency. Clin Endocrinol. 1998 May;48(5):613-620.

Blevins LS. Beneficial effects of growth hormone replacement in growth hormone deficient adults. Endocrinol. 2002 Sept/Oct;l2(5):405-41l.

Evans J. Data reveal three risk factors for prostate ca. Internal Medicine News.

2005 Apr 15.

Fuhrman B, Barba M, Schunemann HJ, et al. Basal growth hormone concentrations in blood and the risk for prostate cancer: a case-control study. Prostate.

2005 Jul 1;64(2):109-115.

Devi GR, Sprenger CC, Plymate SR, Rosenfeld RG. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 induces early apoptosis in malignant prostate cancer cells and inhibits tumor formation in vivo. Prostate. 2002 May 1;51(2):141-152.

Christ ER, Carroll PV, Russell-Jones DL, Sonksen PH. The consequences of growth hormone deficiency in adulthood, and the effects of growth hormone replacement.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1997 Aug 30;127(35):1440-1449.

Jun;13(3):387-396.

Braunstein GD, Sundwall DA, Katz M, et al. Safety and efficacy of a testosterone patch for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in surgically menopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Jul

25;165(14):1582-1589.

Interesting Literature Review

Webster K. Human growth hormone used to treat Crohn's disease. The Desert Sun. 2000 June 1.

Regan SH, Wolf AM, Wolf A. Role of medical nutrition therapy in patients with HIV infection or AIDS. Hospital Medicine. 1999 Sept;35(9):25.

Salomon F, Cuneo RC, Hesp R, Sonksen PH. The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1989 Dec 28;321(26):1797-1803.

Christ ER, Carroll PV, Russell-Jones DL, Sonksen PH. The consequences of growth hormone deficiency in adulthood, and the effects of growth hormone replacement. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1997 Aug 30;127(35):1440-1449.

Janssen JA, Stolk RP, Pols HA, et al. Serum total IGF-1, free IGF-1, and IGFB-1 levels in an elderly population: relation to cardiovascular risk factors and disease.

Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol. 1998 Feb;l8(2):277-282.

Hoffman AR, Lieberman SA, Ceda GP. Growth hormone therapy in the elderly: implications for the aging brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1992 Aug;17(4):327-333.

Rosen T, Wiren L, Wilhelmsen L, et al. Decreased psychological well-being in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol. 1994 Jan;40(1):l l l- 116.

Colao A, di Somma C, Pivonello R, et al. The cardiovascular risk of adult GH deficiency (GHD) improved after GH replacement and worsened in untreated GHD: a 12- month prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Mar;87(3):1088-1093.

Janssen JA, Stolk RP, Pols HA, et al. Serum free IGF-1, total IGF-1, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in an elderly population: relation to age and sex steroid levels. Clin Endocrinol. 1998 Apr;48(4):471-478.

Fazio S, Sabatini D, Capaldo B, et al. A preliminary study of growth hormone in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1996 Mar 28;334(13):809-814.

Saito H, Inoue T, Fukatsu K, et al. Growth hormone and the immune response to bacterial infection. Harm Res. 1996;45(1-2):50-54.

Gelato MC. Aging and immune function: a possible role for growth hormone.

Labrie F, Diamond P, Cusan L, et al. Effect of 12-month dehydroepiandrosterone replacement therapy on bone, vagina, and endometrium in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Oct;82(10):3498-3505.

Androgen deficiency in the aging male: The beginning, the middle, and the ongoing.

Clinical Geriatrics. 2008 April;l6(4):25-28.

Testosterone for Women

Shifren JL, Braunstein GD, Simon JA, et al. Transdermal testosterone treatment in women with impaired sexual function after oophorectomy. N Engl J Med. 2000 Sep 7;343(10):682-688.

Guzick DS, Hoeger K. Sex, hormones, and hysterectomies. N Engl J Med.

2000 Sep 7;343(10):730-731.

Friedrich MJ. Can male hormones really help women? JAMA. 2000 May;283(20):2643-2644.

Braunstein GD, Cameron DR. Postmenopausal androgen therapy in women. The Female Patient. 2004 Nov;29:40-45.

Golden SH, Maguire A, Ding J, et al. Endogenous postmenopausal hormones and carotid atherosclerosis: A case-control study of the atherosclerosis risk in communities cohort.

Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155(5):437-445.

Johnson K. Testosterone patch may relieve sexual dysfunction: surgically menopausal women. Family Practice News. 2004 Mar LP-

Baker B. Testosterone patch improves sexual function in surgically menopausal women. Family Practice News. 1999 Aug l..'.p

Bernini GP, Sgro M, Moretti A, et al. Endogenous androgens and carotid intimal- medial thickness in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Jun;84(6):2008-2l 12.

Wang J. Adding Androgen To Estrogen Helps Strengthen Bone. Family Practice News. 2000 March l.

Shifren JL, Davis SR, Moreau M, et al. Testosterone patch for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in naturally menopausal women: results from the INTIMATE NMl Study. Menopause. 2006 Sep-Oct;l3(5):770-779.

Rako S. Testosterone deficiency: a key factor in the increased cardiovascular risk to women following hysterectomy or with natural aging? J Womens Health. 1998 Sep;7(7):825-829.

Braunstein GD. Androgen insufficiency in women. Growth Harm IGF Res. 2006 Jul;l6 Suppl A:Sl09-Sl 17.

menopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Menopause. 2006 May-

Harm Res. 1996;45(1-2):46-49.

Gore DC, Honeycutt D, Jahoor F, et al. Effect of exogenous growth hormone on whole body and isolated-limb protein kinetics in burned patients. Arch Surg. 1991

Jan;126(1):38-43.

Sullivan MG. Growth hormone increases adults' exercise capacity. Internal Medicine News. 2005 January

Baum HB, Biller BM, Finkelstein JS, et al. Effects of physiologic growth hormone therapy on bone density and body composition in patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med.

1996 Dec 1;125(11):883-890.

Healy ML, Gibney J, Russell Jones DL, et al. High dose growth hormone exerts an anabolic effect at rest during exercise in endurance-trained athletes. J Clin Endacrinal Metab. 2003;88(11):5221-5226

Jorgensen JO, Thuesen L, Muller J, et al. Three years of growth hormone treatment in growth hormone-deficient adults: near normalization of body composition and physical performance. Eur J Endacrinal. 1994 Mar;130(3):224-228.

Rudman D, Feller AG, Nagraj HS, et al. Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N Engl J Med. 1990 Jul 5;323(1):1-6.

Melatonin

Lewy AJ. Melatonin: Can a dose make you doze? Consultant. 1998;38(12):2833.

Garfinkel D, Zisapel N, Wainstein J, l..audon ME. Facilitation of benzodiazepine discontinuation by melatonin: a new clinical approach. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Nov;l59:2456-2460.

Mills E, Wu P, Seely D, Guyatt G. Melatonin in the treatment of cancer: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis. J Pineal Res. 2005 Nov;39(4):360-366.

Susman C. Studies link melatonin to periodontal health. The Press Enterprise. 2007 December 19.

Drake MJ, Mills IW, Noble JG. Melatonin pharmacotherapy for nocturia in men with benign prostatic enlargement. J Ural. 2004 Mar;171(3):1199-1202.

Graedon J, Graedon T. A tablet of melatonin may keep migraines at bay. Migraine. 2004 Dec 15.

Granat P. HRT: The debate continues. (Hormone replacement therapy as a prevention of heart disease). Consultant. 2001 July 1.

Nabel EG. Coronary heart disease in women--an ounce of prevention. N Engl J Med.

2000 Aug 24;343(8):572-574.

Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Trends in the incidence of coronary heart disease and changes in diet and lifestyle in women. N Engl J Med. 2000 Aug

24;343(8):530-537.

Worcester S. Young, health HRT users at low risk for CV event. Family Practice News. 2003 June 1.

Sullivan MG. Study links estrogen use to improved cognition. Family Practice News. 2004 February 1.

Boschert S. Good long-term results from laparoscopic hysterectomy. Family Practice News. 2004 February 1.

Johnson K. Oral contraceptives found protective against cardiovascular disease.

Family Practice News. 2004 November 15.

Shepherd JE. Effects of estrogen on congnition mood, and degenerative brain diseases. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2001 Mar-Apr;41(2):221-228.

Progesterone

Fitzpatrick LA, Good A. Micronized progesterone: Clinical indications and comparison with current treatments. Fertility & Sterility. 1999 Sept;72(3): 389-397.

Baber R. Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women After Hormone Therapy.

JAMA. 2011;305(5):466-467.

De Lignieres B. Endometrial hyperplasia. Risks, recognition and the search for a safe hormone replacement regimen. J Reprod Med. 1999 Feb;44(2):191-196.

Hudson T. Natural progesterone: Clinical indications in women. The Female Patient. 2001 April;26:32, 37-38, 41.

Faludi AA, Aldrighi JM, Bertolami MC, et al. Progesterone abolishes estrogen and/or atorvastatin endothelium dependent vasodilatory effects. Atherosclerosis. 2004 Nov;177(1):89-96.

Gerhard M, Walsh BW, Tawakol A, et al. Estradiol therapy combined with progesterone and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Circulation. 1998 Sep 22;98(12):1158-1163.

McCrohon JA, Nakhla S, Jessup W, et al. Estrogen and progesterone reduce lipid

Estrogen

Somers S. Greene RA. The sexy years: Discover the hormone connection: The secret to fabulous sex, great health, and vitality for women and men. New York, NY: Random House; 2004.

Older women still unconvinced of the benefits of ERT; here's why. Geriatrics.

1996 Aug;51(8):16.

Barclay L. USPSTF recommends against routine use of hormone therapy for chronic disease prevention. Medscape Medical News. 2005 May 17.

Action of the AMA House of Delegates 2009 Annual Meeting: Council on Science and Public Health Report. The use of hormones for "antiaging": A review of efficacy and safety. Report 5 of the council on science and public health (A-09). 2009:1-17.

Boothby LA, Doering P, Kipersztok S. Bioidentical hormone therapy: A review.

Menopause. 2004 May/June;11(3):356-367.

Hargrove JT, Osteen KG. An alternative method of hormone replacement therapy using the natural sex steroids. Infert Repro Med Clin N Am. 1995;6:653-674.

Shoupe D. Hormone replacement therapy: reassessing the risks and benefits.

Hosp Pract. 1999 Aug 15;34(8):97-103, 107-8, 113-114.

Hutchins FJ. Nothing like the real thing. Cortlandt Forum. 1999;12(10):50.

Sullivan MG. Genital atrophy common, rapid after HT stopped. Family Practice News. 2005 March 1.

North American Menopause Society. The role of local vaginal estrogen for treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: 2007 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2007 May-Jun;l4(3 Pt 1):355-369.

Biomedicina. 2000;3(1)

Hargrove JT, Maxson WS, Wentz AC, Burnett LS. Menopausal hormone replacement therapy with continuous daily oral micronized estradiol and progesterone. Obstet Gynecol. 1989 Apr;73(4):606-612.

Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C, et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA. 2002;288(7):862-871.

Mayeaux EJ, Johnson C. Current concepts in postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. J Fam Pract. 1996 Jul;43(1):69-75.

Schmidt LS. HRT and cardiovascular health. Consultant. 2000 December 1. Pg. 57 -

Rosano GM, Webb CM, Chierchia S, et al. Natural progesterone, but not medroxyprogesterone acetate, enhances the beneficial effect of estrogen on exercise induced myocardial ischemia in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Dec;36(7):2154-2159.

Carmody BJ, Arora S, Wakefield MC, et al. Progesterone inhibits human infragenicular arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation induced by high glucose and insulin concentrations. J Vase Surg. 2002 Oct;36(4):833-838.

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BHRT

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Section 14 - Literature Review Testosterone & Estrogen

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